Solecopedia v2 - User contributions [en]

Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy

2023-08-28T12:53:59Z

Fwautiez:

{{Ebauche}}

=Ecofeminism=
The pioneers of the ecofeminist movement in the United States in the 1980s, who opposed projects that were predatory on ecosystems, "reclaimed the '''proximity between the female body and nature''' and denounced the '''aggressions''' to which capitalist and patriarchal society subjected them . It is because women and nature are objectified, deemed passive and destined to serve men that they are associated in discourse and behaviour as equally inferior". <ref>[https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-6691_fr.html L'écoféminisme, une nouvelle approche de l'émancipation des femmes], by Josette Combes,2019 </ref>. Patriarchal oppression of women and capitalist exploitation of the planet must be fought together.

As we shall see below, ecofeminism is in line with most feminist positions, starting by the invisibilisation of women's work and role in the distribution of production tasks in the capitalist system."What ecofeminism adds to previous approaches is the question of ecological urgency and the claim to the essential role that women play in preserving the planet's vital balances"<ref>ibid</ref>.

One trend of ecofeminism crosses ecological economics, feminism and solidarity economics, as Yayo Herrero López puts it in her book: Una mirada para cambiar la película. [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-publication-1408_es.html Ecología, ecofeminismo y sostenibilidad] (ebook), Editorial Dyskolo, 2016.

Françoise d'Eaubonne (1920-2005), a libertarian writer and pioneer of the feminist movement and degrowth, is considered in France to be one of the authors behind the concept of ecofeminism. (D'Eaubonne, 1974,1978).

In Europe, Josette Combes points out that it is in Spain that the movement is the most organised in relation to the social and solidarity economy: [https://www.economiasolidaria.org/ REAS, Red de redes] (Red de Economia Alternativa y Solidaria) systematically includes ecofeminism as one of the major themes of its events. There is a Spanish ecofeminist network working to bring about a different economic vision that links social justice and climate justice, fights discrimination and promotes the empowerment of women.

=Feminist economy=

According to Maria Atienza, from REAS, Red de redes, as formulated in socioeco.org

'''The Feminist Economy (FE) has been building critiques and reflections in all thematic fields of economics and in relation to the different schools of thought, making a particular critique of neoclassical theory.''' Several of the fundamental contributions it has made are the rethinking of the concept of work and the role of care and the sexual division of labour.

'''The FE argues that the main economic goal of society is the sustainability of life'''. This implies positing the existence of care and affection needs that are not present in the market, the central axis of the economic and production relations of the capitalist system, and that, therefore, not all needs can be covered by (monetised) material resources.

'''Feminist Economics and the Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) share an interest in placing life at the centre of the economy.''' Feminist economics also stresses that it is not possible to advance towards the sustainability of life without turning the economic system upside down, i.e. rethinking our activities from the field of care and introducing changes that, with a gender perspective, correct the inequalities of the system in which we live, from public institutions to the private sphere, including social and solidarity economy organisations and enterprises.

The SSE must position itself in all these debates and contribute to the feminist project of building non-sexist and non-patriarchal societies because no alternative proposal can be built without transforming the relations of power and inequality between women and men and because the best way to break with capitalist logic is to recover the importance of bodies, affection and care.

'''There are many areas in which we can and must work for the deployment of a Solidarity and Feminist Economy; from the field of public policies; from the mainstreaming of the feminist perspective within our organisations and our projects; from the generation of alliances with the feminist movement, etc.'''

The joint articulation of the feminist and solidarity vision is therefore '''one of the challenges to ultimately strengthen the practices of SSE organisations and entities from feminist contributions and perspectives in order to enhance their transformative capacity.'''

=The Care Economy=

The neo-liberal economy restricts the notion of "freedom", so fundamental to this ideology, to the '''freedom to "have done by others'''" everything that we do not want to put the effort into while attending to our own survival. This work of care, its quality, its adequacy, its responsibility falls on the shoulders of people, often women, who are not paid, or hardly paid, for this primordial work of reproduction of life, leading to situations of inequalities in the labour market or outside it.

"If we assume [[interdependency]] and [[eco-dependency]] as the material basis of our survival and, therefore, the importance of care for the sustainability of life - understood as a right and not as a privilege - '''care must be shared in a co-responsible way''' by society as a whole. "<ref>[https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-8856_es.html La vida en el centro ,10 propuestas para afrontar la necesaria transición del modelo de cuidados] , REAS Euskadi</ref>

The '''care economy''' proposes a new economic system that implies that : "political, social and economic decisions are taken according to the impact they have on people's lives, and not according to their impact on other economic processes, sometimes unrelated to the general interest, the common good or the sustainability of life itself. On the other hand, it implies providing resources to the reproductive sphere, to the space where the population reproduces itself, where the sustainability of life takes place <ref>ibid</ref>.

It is imperative that care be taken up as a major political issue, as well as a social and gender justice issue.

==Revisiting the notion of "work"==

But is also goes hand in hand with the revision of the notion of '''work''', associated with capitalist theories of wage labour. Feminist economics has been particularly fruitful in producing an '''analytical framework''' that brings a fresh look at the tension between the current socio-economic system and the sustainability of life.

It has brought to light one of the most '''silenced''' elements of industrial society: the division between the economy considered as productive ('''productive work''') and all those tasks that are fundamental to sustaining life and the functioning of the economic system ('''reproductive work'''). This invibilisation, this elimination of care in the collective, social and political imaginary, has led to the elimination from the social and political gaze on roles often assumed by women and with a profoundly racialised dimension. Moreover, the deficit of public resources for different care needs and the working conditions in the care market are different situations that materialise the precariousness that is placed on these same people.

A 2019 article in Alternativas economicas stated that "In Spain, 130 million hours are worked daily in '''unpaid work'''. There are 16 million people working eight hours a day for free. Women are once again losing rights when caring for dependants. Women do more than 75% of unpaid care work and spend three times as much time on it as men".

Yes! Magazine states in an article of July 2022 : « Of the estimated 48 million people caring for adults, about 41.8 million provide unpaid care,(…). While the work of unpaid caregivers is deeply undervalued, paid home care workers struggle too. Roughly 2 million people make up the home care workforce, which is 86% women, 60% people of color, and 14% immigrants. According to the National Domestic Workers Alliance, nearly 20% of these workers live in poverty ». ([https://www.yesmagazine.org/economy/2022/07/12/unpaid-caregiving?utm_term=Autofeed&utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Twitter#Echobox=169319 The Underground Economy of Unpaid Care,] By Julie Poole, July 12 2022).

A growing visbility thanks to feminist economy.

"For almost forty years, this interest has been growing progressively among those who are among those concerned with and concerned with welfare in contemporary societies, especially in feminist thinking, which has shown that the tasks of caring for and nurturing life are essential tasks for social reproduction and everyday wellbeing." For a historical overview, see [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-publication-1790_es.html El trabajo de cuidados. Historia, teoría y políticas], by Cristina Carrasco Bengoa, Cristina Borderias, Teresa Torns , 2019.

Making visible the invisible.

==Links==

===With Ripess NL articles or position papers===

- [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-8628_en.html Feminist Economics and Promotion of Care], article of RIPESS Europe newsletter, october 2022, by Andrea Rodríguez Valdés

Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy

2023-08-28T09:59:14Z

Fwautiez: /* Revisiting the notion of "work" */

{{Ebauche}}

==Feminist economy==

According to Maria Atienza, from REAS, Red de redes, as formulated in socioeco.org

'''The Feminist Economy (FE) has been building critiques and reflections in all thematic fields of economics and in relation to the different schools of thought, making a particular critique of neoclassical theory.''' Several of the fundamental contributions it has made are the rethinking of the concept of work and the role of care and the sexual division of labour.

'''The FE argues that the main economic goal of society is the sustainability of life'''. This implies positing the existence of care and affection needs that are not present in the market, the central axis of the economic and production relations of the capitalist system, and that, therefore, not all needs can be covered by (monetised) material resources.

'''Feminist Economics and the Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) share an interest in placing life at the centre of the economy.''' Feminist economics also stresses that it is not possible to advance towards the sustainability of life without turning the economic system upside down, i.e. rethinking our activities from the field of care and introducing changes that, with a gender perspective, correct the inequalities of the system in which we live, from public institutions to the private sphere, including social and solidarity economy organisations and enterprises.

The SSE must position itself in all these debates and contribute to the feminist project of building non-sexist and non-patriarchal societies because no alternative proposal can be built without transforming the relations of power and inequality between women and men and because the best way to break with capitalist logic is to recover the importance of bodies, affection and care.

'''There are many areas in which we can and must work for the deployment of a Solidarity and Feminist Economy; from the field of public policies; from the mainstreaming of the feminist perspective within our organisations and our projects; from the generation of alliances with the feminist movement, etc.'''

The joint articulation of the feminist and solidarity vision is therefore '''one of the challenges to ultimately strengthen the practices of SSE organisations and entities from feminist contributions and perspectives in order to enhance their transformative capacity.'''

==Care Economy==

The neo-liberal economy restricts the notion of "freedom", so fundamental to this ideology, to the '''freedom to "have done by others'''" everything that we do not want to put the effort into while attending to our own survival. This work of care, its quality, its adequacy, its responsibility falls on the shoulders of people, often women, who are not paid, or hardly paid, for this primordial work of reproduction of life, leading to situations of inequalities in the labour market or outside it.

"If we assume [[interdependency]] and [[eco-dependency]] as the material basis of our survival and, therefore, the importance of care for the sustainability of life - understood as a right and not as a privilege - '''care must be shared in a co-responsible way''' by society as a whole. "<ref>[https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-8856_es.html La vida en el centro ,10 propuestas para afrontar la necesaria transición del modelo de cuidados] , REAS Euskadi</ref>

The '''care economy''' proposes a new economic system that implies that : "political, social and economic decisions are taken according to the impact they have on people's lives, and not according to their impact on other economic processes, sometimes unrelated to the general interest, the common good or the sustainability of life itself. On the other hand, it implies providing resources to the reproductive sphere, to the space where the population reproduces itself, where the sustainability of life takes place <ref>ibid</ref>.

It is imperative that care be taken up as a major political issue, as well as a social and gender justice issue.

==Revisiting the notion of "work"==

But is also goes hand in hand with the revision of the notion of '''work''', associated with capitalist theories of wage labour. Feminist economics has been particularly fruitful in producing an '''analytical framework''' that brings a fresh look at the tension between the current socio-economic system and the sustainability of life.

It has brought to light one of the most '''silenced''' elements of industrial society: the division between the economy considered as productive ('''productive work''') and all those tasks that are fundamental to sustaining life and the functioning of the economic system ('''reproductive work'''). This invibilisation, this elimination of care in the collective, social and political imaginary, has led to the elimination from the social and political gaze on roles often assumed by women and with a profoundly racialised dimension. Moreover, the deficit of public resources for different care needs and the working conditions in the care market are different situations that materialise the precariousness that is placed on these same people.

A 2019 article in Alternativas economicas stated that "In Spain, 130 million hours are worked daily in '''unpaid work'''. There are 16 million people working eight hours a day for free. Women are once again losing rights when caring for dependants. Women do more than 75% of unpaid care work and spend three times as much time on it as men".

Yes! Magazine states in an article of July 2022 : « Of the estimated 48 million people caring for adults, about 41.8 million provide unpaid care,(…). While the work of unpaid caregivers is deeply undervalued, paid home care workers struggle too. Roughly 2 million people make up the home care workforce, which is 86% women, 60% people of color, and 14% immigrants. According to the National Domestic Workers Alliance, nearly 20% of these workers live in poverty ». ([https://www.yesmagazine.org/economy/2022/07/12/unpaid-caregiving?utm_term=Autofeed&utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Twitter#Echobox=169319 The Underground Economy of Unpaid Care,] By Julie Poole, July 12 2022).

A growing visbility thanks to feminist economy.

"For almost forty years, this interest has been growing progressively among those who are among those concerned with and concerned with welfare in contemporary societies, especially in feminist thinking, which has shown that the tasks of caring for and nurturing life are essential tasks for social reproduction and everyday wellbeing." For a historical overview, see [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-publication-1790_es.html El trabajo de cuidados. Historia, teoría y políticas], by Cristina Carrasco Bengoa, Cristina Borderias, Teresa Torns , 2019.

Making visible the invisible.

==Links==

===With Ripess NL articles or position papers===

- [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-8628_en.html Feminist Economics and Promotion of Care], article of RIPESS Europe newsletter, october 2022, by Andrea Rodríguez Valdés

Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy

2023-08-28T09:56:10Z

Fwautiez: /* Care Economy */

{{Ebauche}}

==Feminist economy==

According to Maria Atienza, from REAS, Red de redes, as formulated in socioeco.org

'''The Feminist Economy (FE) has been building critiques and reflections in all thematic fields of economics and in relation to the different schools of thought, making a particular critique of neoclassical theory.''' Several of the fundamental contributions it has made are the rethinking of the concept of work and the role of care and the sexual division of labour.

'''The FE argues that the main economic goal of society is the sustainability of life'''. This implies positing the existence of care and affection needs that are not present in the market, the central axis of the economic and production relations of the capitalist system, and that, therefore, not all needs can be covered by (monetised) material resources.

'''Feminist Economics and the Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) share an interest in placing life at the centre of the economy.''' Feminist economics also stresses that it is not possible to advance towards the sustainability of life without turning the economic system upside down, i.e. rethinking our activities from the field of care and introducing changes that, with a gender perspective, correct the inequalities of the system in which we live, from public institutions to the private sphere, including social and solidarity economy organisations and enterprises.

The SSE must position itself in all these debates and contribute to the feminist project of building non-sexist and non-patriarchal societies because no alternative proposal can be built without transforming the relations of power and inequality between women and men and because the best way to break with capitalist logic is to recover the importance of bodies, affection and care.

'''There are many areas in which we can and must work for the deployment of a Solidarity and Feminist Economy; from the field of public policies; from the mainstreaming of the feminist perspective within our organisations and our projects; from the generation of alliances with the feminist movement, etc.'''

The joint articulation of the feminist and solidarity vision is therefore '''one of the challenges to ultimately strengthen the practices of SSE organisations and entities from feminist contributions and perspectives in order to enhance their transformative capacity.'''

==Care Economy==

The neo-liberal economy restricts the notion of "freedom", so fundamental to this ideology, to the '''freedom to "have done by others'''" everything that we do not want to put the effort into while attending to our own survival. This work of care, its quality, its adequacy, its responsibility falls on the shoulders of people, often women, who are not paid, or hardly paid, for this primordial work of reproduction of life, leading to situations of inequalities in the labour market or outside it.

"If we assume [[interdependency]] and [[eco-dependency]] as the material basis of our survival and, therefore, the importance of care for the sustainability of life - understood as a right and not as a privilege - '''care must be shared in a co-responsible way''' by society as a whole. "<ref>[https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-8856_es.html La vida en el centro ,10 propuestas para afrontar la necesaria transición del modelo de cuidados] , REAS Euskadi</ref>

The '''care economy''' proposes a new economic system that implies that : "political, social and economic decisions are taken according to the impact they have on people's lives, and not according to their impact on other economic processes, sometimes unrelated to the general interest, the common good or the sustainability of life itself. On the other hand, it implies providing resources to the reproductive sphere, to the space where the population reproduces itself, where the sustainability of life takes place <ref>ibid</ref>.

It is imperative that care be taken up as a major political issue, as well as a social and gender justice issue.

==Revisiting the notion of "work"==

But is also goes hand in hand with the revision of the notion of '''work''', associated with capitalist theories of wage labour. Feminist economics has been particularly fruitful in producing an analytical framework that brings a fresh look at the tension between the current socio-economic system and the sustainability of life.

It has brought to light one of the most silenced elements of industrial society: the division between the economy considered as productive (productive work) and all those tasks that are fundamental to sustaining life and the functioning of the economic system (reproductive work). This invibilisation, this elimination of care in the collective, social and political imaginary, has led to the elimination from the social and political gaze on roles often assumed by women and with a profoundly racialised dimension. Moreover, the deficit of public resources for different care needs and the working conditions in the care market are different situations that materialise the precariousness that is placed on these same people.

A 2019 article in Alternativas economicas stated that "In Spain, 130 million hours are worked daily in unpaid work. There are 16 million people working eight hours a day for free. Women are once again losing rights when caring for dependants. Women do more than 75% of unpaid care work and spend three times as much time on it as men".

Yes! Magazine states in an article of July 2022 : « Of the estimated 48 million people caring for adults, about 41.8 million provide unpaid care,(…). While the work of unpaid caregivers is deeply undervalued, paid home care workers struggle too. Roughly 2 million people make up the home care workforce, which is 86% women, 60% people of color, and 14% immigrants. According to the National Domestic Workers Alliance, nearly 20% of these workers live in poverty ». ([https://www.yesmagazine.org/economy/2022/07/12/unpaid-caregiving?utm_term=Autofeed&utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Twitter#Echobox=169319 The Underground Economy of Unpaid Care,] By Julie Poole, July 12 2022).

Things are slowly changing.

"For almost forty years, this interest has been growing progressively among those who are among those concerned with and concerned with welfare in contemporary societies, especially in feminist thinking, which has shown that the tasks of caring for and nurturing life are essential tasks for social reproduction and everyday wellbeing." For a historical overview, see [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-publication-1790_es.html El trabajo de cuidados. Historia, teoría y políticas], by Cristina Carrasco Bengoa, Cristina Borderias, Teresa Torns , 2019.

Making visible the invisible.

==Links==

===With Ripess NL articles or position papers===

- [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-8628_en.html Feminist Economics and Promotion of Care], article of RIPESS Europe newsletter, october 2022, by Andrea Rodríguez Valdés

Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy

2023-08-28T09:54:10Z

Fwautiez:

{{Ebauche}}

==Feminist economy==

According to Maria Atienza, from REAS, Red de redes, as formulated in socioeco.org

'''The Feminist Economy (FE) has been building critiques and reflections in all thematic fields of economics and in relation to the different schools of thought, making a particular critique of neoclassical theory.''' Several of the fundamental contributions it has made are the rethinking of the concept of work and the role of care and the sexual division of labour.

'''The FE argues that the main economic goal of society is the sustainability of life'''. This implies positing the existence of care and affection needs that are not present in the market, the central axis of the economic and production relations of the capitalist system, and that, therefore, not all needs can be covered by (monetised) material resources.

'''Feminist Economics and the Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) share an interest in placing life at the centre of the economy.''' Feminist economics also stresses that it is not possible to advance towards the sustainability of life without turning the economic system upside down, i.e. rethinking our activities from the field of care and introducing changes that, with a gender perspective, correct the inequalities of the system in which we live, from public institutions to the private sphere, including social and solidarity economy organisations and enterprises.

The SSE must position itself in all these debates and contribute to the feminist project of building non-sexist and non-patriarchal societies because no alternative proposal can be built without transforming the relations of power and inequality between women and men and because the best way to break with capitalist logic is to recover the importance of bodies, affection and care.

'''There are many areas in which we can and must work for the deployment of a Solidarity and Feminist Economy; from the field of public policies; from the mainstreaming of the feminist perspective within our organisations and our projects; from the generation of alliances with the feminist movement, etc.'''

The joint articulation of the feminist and solidarity vision is therefore '''one of the challenges to ultimately strengthen the practices of SSE organisations and entities from feminist contributions and perspectives in order to enhance their transformative capacity.'''

==Care Economy==

The neo-liberal economy restricts the notion of "freedom", so fundamental to this ideology, to the freedom to "have done by others" everything that we do not want to put the effort into while attending to our own survival. This work of care, its quality, its adequacy, its responsibility falls on the shoulders of people, often women, who are not paid, or hardly paid, for this primordial work of reproduction of life, leading to situations of inequalities in the labour market or outside it.

"If we assume [[interdependency]] and [[eco-dependency]] as the material basis of our survival and, therefore, the importance of care for the sustainability of life - understood as a right and not as a privilege - care must be shared in a co-responsible way by society as a whole. "<ref>[https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-8856_es.html La vida en el centro ,10 propuestas para afrontar la necesaria transición del modelo de cuidados] , REAS Euskadi</ref>

The '''care economy''' proposes a new economic system that implies that : "political, social and economic decisions are taken according to the impact they have on people's lives, and not according to their impact on other economic processes, sometimes unrelated to the general interest, the common good or the sustainability of life itself. On the other hand, it implies providing resources to the reproductive sphere, to the space where the population reproduces itself, where the sustainability of life takes place <ref>ibid</ref>.

It is imperative that care be taken up as a major political issue, as well as a social and gender justice issue.

==Revisiting the notion of "work"==

But is also goes hand in hand with the revision of the notion of '''work''', associated with capitalist theories of wage labour. Feminist economics has been particularly fruitful in producing an analytical framework that brings a fresh look at the tension between the current socio-economic system and the sustainability of life.

It has brought to light one of the most silenced elements of industrial society: the division between the economy considered as productive (productive work) and all those tasks that are fundamental to sustaining life and the functioning of the economic system (reproductive work). This invibilisation, this elimination of care in the collective, social and political imaginary, has led to the elimination from the social and political gaze on roles often assumed by women and with a profoundly racialised dimension. Moreover, the deficit of public resources for different care needs and the working conditions in the care market are different situations that materialise the precariousness that is placed on these same people.

A 2019 article in Alternativas economicas stated that "In Spain, 130 million hours are worked daily in unpaid work. There are 16 million people working eight hours a day for free. Women are once again losing rights when caring for dependants. Women do more than 75% of unpaid care work and spend three times as much time on it as men".

Yes! Magazine states in an article of July 2022 : « Of the estimated 48 million people caring for adults, about 41.8 million provide unpaid care,(…). While the work of unpaid caregivers is deeply undervalued, paid home care workers struggle too. Roughly 2 million people make up the home care workforce, which is 86% women, 60% people of color, and 14% immigrants. According to the National Domestic Workers Alliance, nearly 20% of these workers live in poverty ». ([https://www.yesmagazine.org/economy/2022/07/12/unpaid-caregiving?utm_term=Autofeed&utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Twitter#Echobox=169319 The Underground Economy of Unpaid Care,] By Julie Poole, July 12 2022).

Things are slowly changing.

"For almost forty years, this interest has been growing progressively among those who are among those concerned with and concerned with welfare in contemporary societies, especially in feminist thinking, which has shown that the tasks of caring for and nurturing life are essential tasks for social reproduction and everyday wellbeing." For a historical overview, see [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-publication-1790_es.html El trabajo de cuidados. Historia, teoría y políticas], by Cristina Carrasco Bengoa, Cristina Borderias, Teresa Torns , 2019.

Making visible the invisible.

==Links==

===With Ripess NL articles or position papers===

- [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-8628_en.html Feminist Economics and Promotion of Care], article of RIPESS Europe newsletter, october 2022, by Andrea Rodríguez Valdés

Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy

2023-08-28T09:51:48Z

Fwautiez: /* Revisiting the notion of "work" */

{{Ebauche}}

==Feminist economy==

According to Maria Atienza, from REAS, Red de redes, as formulated in socioeco.org

'''The Feminist Economy (FE) has been building critiques and reflections in all thematic fields of economics and in relation to the different schools of thought, making a particular critique of neoclassical theory.''' Several of the fundamental contributions it has made are the rethinking of the concept of work and the role of care and the sexual division of labour.

'''The FE argues that the main economic goal of society is the sustainability of life'''. This implies positing the existence of care and affection needs that are not present in the market, the central axis of the economic and production relations of the capitalist system, and that, therefore, not all needs can be covered by (monetised) material resources.

'''Feminist Economics and the Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) share an interest in placing life at the centre of the economy.''' Feminist economics also stresses that it is not possible to advance towards the sustainability of life without turning the economic system upside down, i.e. rethinking our activities from the field of care and introducing changes that, with a gender perspective, correct the inequalities of the system in which we live, from public institutions to the private sphere, including social and solidarity economy organisations and enterprises.

The SSE must position itself in all these debates and contribute to the feminist project of building non-sexist and non-patriarchal societies because no alternative proposal can be built without transforming the relations of power and inequality between women and men and because the best way to break with capitalist logic is to recover the importance of bodies, affection and care.

'''There are many areas in which we can and must work for the deployment of a Solidarity and Feminist Economy; from the field of public policies; from the mainstreaming of the feminist perspective within our organisations and our projects; from the generation of alliances with the feminist movement, etc.'''

The joint articulation of the feminist and solidarity vision is therefore '''one of the challenges to ultimately strengthen the practices of SSE organisations and entities from feminist contributions and perspectives in order to enhance their transformative capacity.'''

==Care Economy==

The neo-liberal economy restricts the notion of "freedom", so fundamental to this ideology, to the freedom to "have done by others" everything that we do not want to put the effort into while attending to our own survival. This work of care, its quality, its adequacy, its responsibility falls on the shoulders of people, often women, who are not paid, or hardly paid, for this primordial work of reproduction of life, leading to situations of inequalities in the labour market or outside it.

"If we assume [[interdependency]] and [[eco-dependency]] as the material basis of our survival and, therefore, the importance of care for the sustainability of life - understood as a right and not as a privilege - care must be shared in a co-responsible way by society as a whole. "<ref>[https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-8856_es.html La vida en el centro ,10 propuestas para afrontar la necesaria transición del modelo de cuidados] , REAS Euskadi</ref>

The '''care economy''' proposes a new economic system that implies that : "political, social and economic decisions are taken according to the impact they have on people's lives, and not according to their impact on other economic processes, sometimes unrelated to the general interest, the common good or the sustainability of life itself. On the other hand, it implies providing resources to the reproductive sphere, to the space where the population reproduces itself, where the sustainability of life takes place <ref>ibid</ref>.

It is imperative that care be taken up as a major political issue, as well as a social and gender justice issue.

==Revisiting the notion of "work"==

But is also goes hand in hand with the revision of the notion of '''work''', associated with capitalist theories of wage labour. Feminist economics has been particularly fruitful in producing an analytical framework that brings a fresh look at the tension between the current socio-economic system and the sustainability of life.

It has brought to light one of the most silenced elements of industrial society: the division between the economy considered as productive (productive work) and all those tasks that are fundamental to sustaining life and the functioning of the economic system (reproductive work). This invibilisation, this elimination of care in the collective, social and political imaginary, has led to the elimination from the social and political gaze on roles often assumed by women and with a profoundly racialised dimension. Moreover, the deficit of public resources for different care needs and the working conditions in the care market are different situations that materialise the precariousness that is placed on these same people.

A 2019 article in Alternativas economicas stated that "In Spain, 130 million hours are worked daily in unpaid work. There are 16 million people working eight hours a day for free. Women are once again losing rights when caring for dependants. Women do more than 75% of unpaid care work and spend three times as much time on it as men".

Yes! Magazine states in an article of July 2022 : « Of the estimated 48 million people caring for adults, about 41.8 million provide unpaid care,(…). While the work of unpaid caregivers is deeply undervalued, paid home care workers struggle too. Roughly 2 million people make up the home care workforce, which is 86% women, 60% people of color, and 14% immigrants. According to the National Domestic Workers Alliance, nearly 20% of these workers live in poverty ». ([https://www.yesmagazine.org/economy/2022/07/12/unpaid-caregiving?utm_term=Autofeed&utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Twitter#Echobox=169319 The Underground Economy of Unpaid Care,] By Julie Poole, July 12 2022).

Things are slowly changing.

"For almost forty years, this interest has been growing progressively among those who are among those concerned with and concerned with welfare in contemporary societies, especially in feminist thinking, which has shown that the tasks of caring for and nurturing life are essential tasks for social reproduction and everyday wellbeing." For a historical overview, see [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-publication-1790_es.html El trabajo de cuidados. Historia, teoría y políticas], by Cristina Carrasco Bengoa, Cristina Borderias, Teresa Torns , 2019.

Making visible the invisible.

Feminist Economics and Promotion of Care,Article of RIPESS Europe newsletter, october 2022
Andrea Rodríguez Valdés, octobre 2022 :https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-8628_en.html

Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy

2023-08-28T09:43:01Z

Fwautiez: /* Care Economy */

{{Ebauche}}

==Feminist economy==

According to Maria Atienza, from REAS, Red de redes, as formulated in socioeco.org

'''The Feminist Economy (FE) has been building critiques and reflections in all thematic fields of economics and in relation to the different schools of thought, making a particular critique of neoclassical theory.''' Several of the fundamental contributions it has made are the rethinking of the concept of work and the role of care and the sexual division of labour.

'''The FE argues that the main economic goal of society is the sustainability of life'''. This implies positing the existence of care and affection needs that are not present in the market, the central axis of the economic and production relations of the capitalist system, and that, therefore, not all needs can be covered by (monetised) material resources.

'''Feminist Economics and the Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) share an interest in placing life at the centre of the economy.''' Feminist economics also stresses that it is not possible to advance towards the sustainability of life without turning the economic system upside down, i.e. rethinking our activities from the field of care and introducing changes that, with a gender perspective, correct the inequalities of the system in which we live, from public institutions to the private sphere, including social and solidarity economy organisations and enterprises.

The SSE must position itself in all these debates and contribute to the feminist project of building non-sexist and non-patriarchal societies because no alternative proposal can be built without transforming the relations of power and inequality between women and men and because the best way to break with capitalist logic is to recover the importance of bodies, affection and care.

'''There are many areas in which we can and must work for the deployment of a Solidarity and Feminist Economy; from the field of public policies; from the mainstreaming of the feminist perspective within our organisations and our projects; from the generation of alliances with the feminist movement, etc.'''

The joint articulation of the feminist and solidarity vision is therefore '''one of the challenges to ultimately strengthen the practices of SSE organisations and entities from feminist contributions and perspectives in order to enhance their transformative capacity.'''

==Care Economy==

The neo-liberal economy restricts the notion of "freedom", so fundamental to this ideology, to the freedom to "have done by others" everything that we do not want to put the effort into while attending to our own survival. This work of care, its quality, its adequacy, its responsibility falls on the shoulders of people, often women, who are not paid, or hardly paid, for this primordial work of reproduction of life, leading to situations of inequalities in the labour market or outside it.

"If we assume [[interdependency]] and [[eco-dependency]] as the material basis of our survival and, therefore, the importance of care for the sustainability of life - understood as a right and not as a privilege - care must be shared in a co-responsible way by society as a whole. "<ref>[https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-8856_es.html La vida en el centro ,10 propuestas para afrontar la necesaria transición del modelo de cuidados] , REAS Euskadi</ref>

The '''care economy''' proposes a new economic system that implies that : "political, social and economic decisions are taken according to the impact they have on people's lives, and not according to their impact on other economic processes, sometimes unrelated to the general interest, the common good or the sustainability of life itself. On the other hand, it implies providing resources to the reproductive sphere, to the space where the population reproduces itself, where the sustainability of life takes place <ref>ibid</ref>.

It is imperative that care be taken up as a major political issue, as well as a social and gender justice issue.

==Revisiting the notion of "work"==

But is also goes hand in hand with the revision of the notion of '''work''', associated with capitalist theories of wage labour. Feminist economics has been particularly fruitful in producing an analytical framework that brings a fresh look at the tension between the current socio-economic system and the sustainability of life.

It has brought to light one of the most silenced elements of industrial society: the division between the economy considered as productive (productive work) and all those tasks that are fundamental to sustaining life and the functioning of the economic system (reproductive work). This invibilisation, this elimination of care in the collective, social and political imaginary, has led to the elimination from the social and political gaze on roles often assumed by women and with a profoundly racialised dimension. Moreover, the deficit of public resources for different care needs and the working conditions in the care market are different situations that materialise the precariousness that is placed on these same people.

A 2019 article in Alternativas economicas stated that "In Spain, 130 million hours are worked daily in unpaid work. There are 16 million people working eight hours a day for free. Women are once again losing rights when caring for dependants. Women do more than 75% of unpaid care work and spend three times as much time on it as men".

Yes! Magazine states in an article of July 2022 : « Of the estimated 48 million people caring for adults, about 41.8 million provide unpaid care,(…). While the work of unpaid caregivers is deeply undervalued, paid home care workers struggle too. Roughly 2 million people make up the home care workforce, which is 86% women, 60% people of color, and 14% immigrants. According to the National Domestic Workers Alliance, nearly 20% of these workers live in poverty ». ([https://www.yesmagazine.org/economy/2022/07/12/unpaid-caregiving?utm_term=Autofeed&utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Twitter#Echobox=169319 The Underground Economy of Unpaid Care,] By Julie Poole, July 12 2022).

Things are slowly changing.

"For almost forty years, this interest has been growing progressively among those who are among those concerned with and concerned with welfare in contemporary societies, especially in the contemporary societies, especially in feminist thinking, which has feminist thought, which has shown that the tasks of caring for and nurturing life are essential tasks for social reproduction and everyday wellbeing. social reproduction and everyday well-being". For a historical overview, see Care work. History, theory and policies, CristinaCarrasco Bengoa, Cristina Borderias, Teresa Torns , 2019. Making visible the invisible.

Feminist Economics and Promotion of Care,Article of RIPESS Europe newsletter, october 2022
Andrea Rodríguez Valdés, octobre 2022 :https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-8628_en.html

Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy

2023-08-28T09:29:58Z

Fwautiez:

{{Ebauche}}

==Feminist economy==

According to Maria Atienza, from REAS, Red de redes, as formulated in socioeco.org

'''The Feminist Economy (FE) has been building critiques and reflections in all thematic fields of economics and in relation to the different schools of thought, making a particular critique of neoclassical theory.''' Several of the fundamental contributions it has made are the rethinking of the concept of work and the role of care and the sexual division of labour.

'''The FE argues that the main economic goal of society is the sustainability of life'''. This implies positing the existence of care and affection needs that are not present in the market, the central axis of the economic and production relations of the capitalist system, and that, therefore, not all needs can be covered by (monetised) material resources.

'''Feminist Economics and the Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) share an interest in placing life at the centre of the economy.''' Feminist economics also stresses that it is not possible to advance towards the sustainability of life without turning the economic system upside down, i.e. rethinking our activities from the field of care and introducing changes that, with a gender perspective, correct the inequalities of the system in which we live, from public institutions to the private sphere, including social and solidarity economy organisations and enterprises.

The SSE must position itself in all these debates and contribute to the feminist project of building non-sexist and non-patriarchal societies because no alternative proposal can be built without transforming the relations of power and inequality between women and men and because the best way to break with capitalist logic is to recover the importance of bodies, affection and care.

'''There are many areas in which we can and must work for the deployment of a Solidarity and Feminist Economy; from the field of public policies; from the mainstreaming of the feminist perspective within our organisations and our projects; from the generation of alliances with the feminist movement, etc.'''

The joint articulation of the feminist and solidarity vision is therefore '''one of the challenges to ultimately strengthen the practices of SSE organisations and entities from feminist contributions and perspectives in order to enhance their transformative capacity.'''

==Care Economy==

The neo-liberal economy restricts the notion of "freedom", so fundamental to this ideology, to the freedom to "have it done by others" everything that we do not want to put the effort into while attending to our own survival. This work of care, its quality, its adequacy, its responsibility falls on the shoulders of people, often women, who are not paid, or hardly paid, for this primordial work of reproduction of life, leading to situations of inequalities in the labour market or outside it.

"If we assume [[interdependency]] and [[eco-dependency]] as the material basis of our survival and, therefore, the importance of care for the sustainability of life - understood as a right and not as a privilege - care must be shared in a co-responsible way by society as a whole. "<ref>[https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-8856_es.html La vida en el centro ,10 propuestas para afrontar la necesaria transición del modelo de cuidados] , REAS Euskadi</ref>

"The '''care economy''' proposes a new economic system that implies that (id): political, social and economic decisions are taken according to the impact they have on people's lives, and not according to their impact on other economic processes, sometimes unrelated to the general interest, the common good or the sustainability of life itself. On the other hand, it implies providing resources to the reproductive sphere, to the space where the population reproduces itself, where life is sustained" <ref>ibid</ref>.

It is imperative that care be taken up as a major political issue, as well as a social and gender justice issue.

==Revisiting the notion of "work"==

But is also goes hand in hand with the revision of the notion of '''work''', associated with capitalist theories of wage labour. Feminist economics has been particularly fruitful in producing an analytical framework that brings a fresh look at the tension between the current socio-economic system and the sustainability of life.

It has brought to light one of the most silenced elements of industrial society: the division between the economy considered as productive (productive work) and all those tasks that are fundamental to sustaining life and the functioning of the economic system (reproductive work). This invibilisation, this elimination of care in the collective, social and political imaginary, has led to the elimination from the social and political gaze on roles often assumed by women and with a profoundly racialised dimension. Moreover, the deficit of public resources for different care needs and the working conditions in the care market are different situations that materialise the precariousness that is placed on these same people.

A 2019 article in Alternativas economicas stated that "In Spain, 130 million hours are worked daily in unpaid work. There are 16 million people working eight hours a day for free. Women are once again losing rights when caring for dependants. Women do more than 75% of unpaid care work and spend three times as much time on it as men".

Yes! Magazine states in an article of July 2022 : « Of the estimated 48 million people caring for adults, about 41.8 million provide unpaid care,(…). While the work of unpaid caregivers is deeply undervalued, paid home care workers struggle too. Roughly 2 million people make up the home care workforce, which is 86% women, 60% people of color, and 14% immigrants. According to the National Domestic Workers Alliance, nearly 20% of these workers live in poverty ». ([https://www.yesmagazine.org/economy/2022/07/12/unpaid-caregiving?utm_term=Autofeed&utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Twitter#Echobox=169319 The Underground Economy of Unpaid Care,] By Julie Poole, July 12 2022).

Things are slowly changing.

"For almost forty years, this interest has been growing progressively among those who are among those concerned with and concerned with welfare in contemporary societies, especially in the contemporary societies, especially in feminist thinking, which has feminist thought, which has shown that the tasks of caring for and nurturing life are essential tasks for social reproduction and everyday wellbeing. social reproduction and everyday well-being". For a historical overview, see Care work. History, theory and policies, CristinaCarrasco Bengoa, Cristina Borderias, Teresa Torns , 2019. Making visible the invisible.

Feminist Economics and Promotion of Care,Article of RIPESS Europe newsletter, october 2022
Andrea Rodríguez Valdés, octobre 2022 :https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-8628_en.html

Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy

2023-08-24T11:36:45Z

Fwautiez: Created page with " {{Ebauche}} According to Maria Atienza, from REAS, Red de redes, as formulated in socioeco.org '''The Feminist Economy (FE) has been building critiques and reflections in all thematic fields of economics and in relation to the different schools of thought, making a particular critique of neoclassical theory.''' Several of the fundamental contributions it has made are the rethinking of the concept of work and the role of care and the sexual division of labour. '''The..."

{{Ebauche}}

According to Maria Atienza, from REAS, Red de redes, as formulated in socioeco.org

'''The Feminist Economy (FE) has been building critiques and reflections in all thematic fields of economics and in relation to the different schools of thought, making a particular critique of neoclassical theory.''' Several of the fundamental contributions it has made are the rethinking of the concept of work and the role of care and the sexual division of labour.

'''The FE argues that the main economic goal of society is the sustainability of life'''. This implies positing the existence of care and affection needs that are not present in the market, the central axis of the economic and production relations of the capitalist system, and that, therefore, not all needs can be covered by (monetised) material resources.

'''Feminist Economics and the Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) share an interest in placing life at the centre of the economy.''' Feminist economics also stresses that it is not possible to advance towards the sustainability of life without turning the economic system upside down, i.e. rethinking our activities from the field of care and introducing changes that, with a gender perspective, correct the inequalities of the system in which we live, from public institutions to the private sphere, including social and solidarity economy organisations and enterprises.

The SSE must position itself in all these debates and contribute to the feminist project of building non-sexist and non-patriarchal societies because no alternative proposal can be built without transforming the relations of power and inequality between women and men and because the best way to break with capitalist logic is to recover the importance of bodies, affection and care.

'''There are many areas in which we can and must work for the deployment of a Solidarity and Feminist Economy; from the field of public policies; from the mainstreaming of the feminist perspective within our organisations and our projects; from the generation of alliances with the feminist movement, etc.'''

The joint articulation of the feminist and solidarity vision is therefore '''one of the challenges to ultimately strengthen the practices of SSE organisations and entities from feminist contributions and perspectives in order to enhance their transformative capacity.'''

Ableism

2023-08-23T09:14:19Z

Fwautiez: Created page with " Form of discrimination or social prejudice against persons who are perceived to have disabilities. Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy"

Form of discrimination or social prejudice against persons who are perceived to have disabilities.

[[Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy]]

Speciesism

2023-08-23T09:12:45Z

Fwautiez: Created page with " The view that one species, in this case humans, have every right to exploit, enslave and kill other species of animals because these are considered inferior. Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy"

The view that one species, in this case humans, have every right to exploit, enslave and kill other species of animals because these are considered inferior.

[[Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy]]

Intersectionality

2023-08-23T09:11:03Z

Fwautiez:

{{Ebauche}}

Intersectionality or Intersectional Feminism refers to the multiple oppressions derived from the system that an individual may suffer in order to explain how this generates different experiences. According to the academic Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, who coined the term, intersectionality is "the phenomenon whereby each individual experiences oppression or privilege on the basis of their membership in multiple social categories". This theory is of radical importance to the feminist movement as it emerged to expose how white bourgeois feminism was ignoring or even promoting multiple violences. In this sense, it speaks of the different oppressions that individuals suffer according to their [[gender]], [[racism|race]], [[classism|class]], age, religion, [[LGBTIQphobia|sexual orientation]], [[racism|ethnicity]], [[xenophobia|geographic origin]], etc.

[[Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy]]

Xenophobia

2023-08-23T09:10:17Z

Fwautiez: Created page with " Fear, aversion or profound antipathy towards persons perceived as being outside a community, society or nation, often categorized as strangers or foreigners. Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy"

Fear, aversion or profound antipathy towards persons perceived as being outside a community, society or nation, often categorized as strangers or foreigners.

[[Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy]]

Intersectionality

2023-08-23T09:08:10Z

Fwautiez:

{{Ebauche}}

Intersectionality or Intersectional Feminism refers to the multiple oppressions derived from the system that an individual may suffer in order to explain how this generates different experiences. According to the academic Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, who coined the term, intersectionality is "the phenomenon whereby each individual experiences oppression or privilege on the basis of their membership in multiple social categories". This theory is of radical importance to the feminist movement as it emerged to expose how white bourgeois feminism was ignoring or even promoting multiple violences. In this sense, it speaks of the different oppressions that individuals suffer according to their [[gender]], [[racism|race]], [[classism|class]], age, religion, [[LGBTIQphobia|sexual orientation]], [[racism|ethnicity]], [[racism|geographic origin]], etc.

[[Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy]]

Racism

2023-08-23T09:04:58Z

Fwautiez: Created page with " Discrimination based on social perceptions based on biological differences between people, considering that some people should be classified as inherently superior or inferior based on their membership of a particular racial or ethnic group. Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy"

Discrimination based on social perceptions based on biological differences between people, considering that some people should be classified as inherently superior or inferior based on their membership of a particular racial or ethnic group.

[[Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy]]

Classism

2023-08-23T09:03:26Z

Fwautiez: Created page with " Discrimination based on a person's social class, assuming that some are superior to others. Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy"

Discrimination based on a person's social class, assuming that some are superior to others.

[[Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy]]

Intersectionality

2023-08-23T09:02:02Z

Fwautiez:

{{Ebauche}}

Intersectionality or Intersectional Feminism refers to the multiple oppressions derived from the system that an individual may suffer in order to explain how this generates different experiences. According to the academic Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, who coined the term, intersectionality is "the phenomenon whereby each individual experiences oppression or privilege on the basis of their membership in multiple social categories". This theory is of radical importance to the feminist movement as it emerged to expose how white bourgeois feminism was ignoring or even promoting multiple violences. In this sense, it speaks of the different oppressions that individuals suffer according to their [[gender]], [[race]], [[class]], age, religion, [[sexual orientation]], ethnicity, geographic origin, etc.

[[Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy]]

Intersectionality

2023-08-23T08:56:00Z

Fwautiez: Created page with "{{Ebauche}} Intersectionality or Intersectional Feminism refers to the multiple oppressions derived from the system that an individual may suffer in order to explain how this generates different experiences. According to the academic Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, who coined the term, intersectionality is "the phenomenon whereby each individual experiences oppression or privilege on the basis of their membership in multiple social categories". This theory is of radical im..."

{{Ebauche}}

Intersectionality or Intersectional Feminism refers to the multiple oppressions derived from the system that an individual may suffer in order to explain how this generates different experiences. According to the academic Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, who coined the term, intersectionality is "the phenomenon whereby each individual experiences oppression or privilege on the basis of their membership in multiple social categories". This theory is of radical importance to the feminist movement as it emerged to expose how white bourgeois feminism was ignoring or even promoting multiple violences. In this sense, it speaks of the different oppressions that individuals suffer according to their gender, race, class, age, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity, geographic origin, etc.

[[Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy]]

LGBTIQphobia

2023-08-23T08:53:27Z

Fwautiez: Created page with " Discrimination against any type of person who identifies as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer or other non-binary identities. Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy"

Discrimination against any type of person who identifies as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer or other non-binary identities.

[[Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy]]

Cisgender

2023-08-23T08:51:23Z

Fwautiez:

Cisgender or cis - person whose [[gender]] identity corresponds to the gender or sex assigned at birth, as opposed to transgender.

[[Category: Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy]]

Cisgender

2023-08-23T08:50:31Z

Fwautiez: Created page with " Cisgender or cis - person whose gender identity corresponds to the gender or sex assigned at birth, as opposed to transgender."

Cisgender or cis - person whose [[gender]] identity corresponds to the gender or sex assigned at birth, as opposed to transgender.

Gender

2023-08-23T08:49:09Z

Fwautiez:

{{Ebauche}}

Gender is understood as a social construct. In the binary conception imposed by the system, two genders have been assigned: Male and Female, and refer to the social, psychological and cultural behaviours associated with people. In this sense, masculine is associated with men and feminine with women, creating a whole system of gender roles that determine behaviours.

Broadening our vision towards a non-binary society, we also include dissident or gender-neutral identities, which are those that do not identify with the imposed behavioural roles.

[[Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy]]

Gender

2023-08-23T08:48:53Z

Fwautiez: Created page with "{{Ebauchee}} Gender is understood as a social construct. In the binary conception imposed by the system, two genders have been assigned: Male and Female, and refer to the social, psychological and cultural behaviours associated with people. In this sense, masculine is associated with men and feminine with women, creating a whole system of gender roles that determine behaviours. Broadening our vision towards a non-binary society, we also include dissident or gender-ne..."

{{Ebauchee}}

Gender is understood as a social construct. In the binary conception imposed by the system, two genders have been assigned: Male and Female, and refer to the social, psychological and cultural behaviours associated with people. In this sense, masculine is associated with men and feminine with women, creating a whole system of gender roles that determine behaviours.

Broadening our vision towards a non-binary society, we also include dissident or gender-neutral identities, which are those that do not identify with the imposed behavioural roles.

[[Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy]]

Heterosexual

2023-08-23T08:46:49Z

Fwautiez: Created page with " Heterosexual or hetero - person who feels attracted affectively and/or sexually to people identified with a gender or sex different from their own. Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy"

Heterosexual or hetero - person who feels attracted affectively and/or sexually to people identified with a [[gender]] or sex different from their own.

[[Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy]]

Patriarchy

2023-08-23T08:44:41Z

Fwautiez:

Social system in which inequalities of power persist and are based on male superiority in all aspects of social organisation; realising that male dominance is greater when it is a [[heterosexual]] and [[cisgender]] man, we speak of a cishetero-patriarchal system.

[[Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy]]

Patriarchy

2023-08-23T08:43:26Z

Fwautiez: Created page with " Social system in which inequalities of power persist and are based on male superiority in all aspects of social organisation; realising that male dominance is greater when it is a [heterosexual] and [cisgender] man, we speak of a cishetero-patriarchal system."

Social system in which inequalities of power persist and are based on male superiority in all aspects of social organisation; realising that male dominance is greater when it is a [heterosexual] and [cisgender] man, we speak of a cishetero-patriarchal system.

Interdependency

2023-08-22T13:16:10Z

Fwautiez:

<languages />
<translate>

{{Ebauche}}


It implies assuming that our body is finite, that it is vulnerable and has needs. Human beings depend on the social collective in which we are born and live throughout our lives and, in particular, in some phases where we require greater care. <ref> For more information in Spanish, see [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-outil-609_es.html Diccionario Feminista para una Economia Solidaria], Reas Euskadi 2020</ref>

===References=== 

[[Category: Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy]]
</translate>

Eco-dependency

2023-08-22T13:15:19Z

Fwautiez:

<languages />
<translate>

{{Ebauche}}


Humans are not only interdependent in a social sense, but also dependent on nature. Humans get what we need to be alive from nature: food, water, energy..... Material dependence on nature leads directly to an awareness of the physical limits of our planet earth. <ref>For a more complete definition, see "[https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-outil-609_es.html Diccionario Feminista para una Economia Solidaria]", Reas Euskadi 2020</ref>

=== References === 

[[Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy]]
</translate>

Eco-dependency

2023-08-22T13:14:52Z

Fwautiez:

<languages />
<translate>

{{Ebauche}}


Humans are not only interdependent in a social sense, but also dependent on nature. Humans get what we need to be alive from nature: food, water, energy..... Material dependence on nature leads directly to an awareness of the physical limits of our planet earth. <ref>For a more complete definition, see "[https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-outil-609_es.html Diccionario Feminista para una Economia Solidaria]", Reas Euskadi 2020</ref>

=== References === 

[[Catehory:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy]]
</translate>

Let's build together a common knowledge base for a solidarity economy

2023-08-22T13:13:04Z

Fwautiez: /* Transformative economies */

{{Ebauche}}

Solecopedia is a collective and participative project from Ripess Europe of a free and multilingual wiki, which aims to make the different concepts of the social solidarity economy (SSE) accessible to all. Without pretending to use the grandiloquent words of the academic world, this Glossary of concepts is a small contribution to order all our ideas of the SSE and aims to help the actors of this economy to elaborate together a common frame of reference, which allows to overcome the problems of communication from one country, one language, or one sector to another. We chose to use the wiki as a means to have a collective evolving knowledge that is enriched by the collaboration of several different approaches.

These concepts are the result of different projects, works or activities in which different people from different organisations, movements, initiatives, etc. have participated. Of course, there are no absolute truths and there will certainly be many incomplete definitions, but little by little and thanks to the participation of the members, we will be able to establish shared understandings (rather than definitions) that include all the diversities that cross between us.

Basis of participation in Solecopedia: Anyone with experience in the Social Solidarity Economy (SSE) is invited to participate and add concepts and proposals to Solecopedia, always with a collective responsibility; it is a project of all of us. We are aware of the symbolic charge that the creation of knowledge represents and the way it has always been articulated from the West, constructing colonial, patriarchal, formative, adult-centred realities and so on. Solecopedia seeks to value other ways of creating knowledge by actively encouraging the participation of other continents.

Comments that are sexist, racist, xenophobic, LGTBIQ-phobic or include any form of discrimination will be censored in this collective wikipedia.

== Transformative economies ==
Social Solidarity Economy (SSE) is part of the broader vision of transformative economies, movements, paradigms, initiatives that bring elements of criticism of the dominant economic framework into play and seek to implement real and concrete alternatives to transform the economy, towards a fairer, peaceful, more socially and environmentally sustainable world. It includes:

* [[:Category:Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy|Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy]]
* [[:Category:The Commons|The Commons]]
* [[Agroecology]] and [[Food sovereignty]]
* [[:Category:Community-led Initiatives|Community-led Initiatives]]
* Degrowth
* Ecological Transition
* Political Ecology

== Let's look for some definitions : a tentative of shared undertanding : ==

* [[Three theoretical approaches - Third sector/Non profit sector; Social Economy; Solidarity Economy]]
* The synthesis: Social and Solidarity Economy
* Possible definitions by Ripess and its members

== [[Social Economy, Solidarity Economy. A bit of history]] ==

== Social Solidarity Economy rights, values and principles ==

* [[Solidarity]]
* [[Diversity]]
* [[Democracy]]
* [[Inclusiveness]]
* [[Equality, equity and Justice]]
* [[Humanism]]
* [[Creativity]]
* [[Subsidiarity]]
* [[Eco-dependency]]
* [[Interdependency]]
* [[Terenga]]
* [[Sumak Kawsay/Buen vivir]]
* [[Economic democracy and economic citizenship]]

== Structures of Social Solidarity Economy (SSE) ==

* [[Associations]]
* Social Enterprises
* Solidarity-based entrepreneurship
* [[:Category:Cooperatives|Cooperatives]]
* Mutuals
* NGOs
* Informal groups and initiatives
* SSE networks
* Free-software/opensource platforms
* Ethical banks

== Practices of Social Solidarity Economy (SSE) ==

Largely used by various transformative economies movements (see above), the notion of '''initiative''' makes it possible to grasp the '''political and citizen dimension''' of the SSE, which cannot be fully grasped by the notion of '''enterprise''' alone (even a solidarity-based enterprise).

* Solidarity initiatives are the result of '''bottom-up collective dynamics''' taken by non-institutional players.
* They refer both to a capacity to act or to '''undertake collectively''' and to the '''beginning of an action'''.
* They are approaches to '''socialisation and the territorialised organisation''' of reciprocal practices and commitments that are rooted in people's '''daily lives''' and test their '''lifestyles'''.
* They make it easier for citizens to '''reappropriate global issues''' (global warming, sustainable food, cultural diversity, empowerment of residents, etc.) on the basis of concrete, local experiments.
* The initiatives are based on solidarity and encourage '''mutual support between peers''', cooperation between stakeholders and '''collective''' expression between involved people who share common experiences and concerns.
* The organisational dimension of the initiatives is indeterminate and '''plural'''. It does not necessarily ultimately take the form of a company to be developed. The notion of initiative allows us to grasp the process of creating an activity - "from idea to project" - upstream of the formalisation of an organisation. It also covers local networking and cooperation between different organisations and local players (from producer to consumer) downstream of business management.
* Initiatives are based on collectives combining '''personal and citizen commitment''', '''productive organisations and political action'''. The notion of initiative makes it possible to take account of the '''dual economic and political dimensions''' of multi-stakeholder dynamics. These initiatives, which create economic activity and local wealth, can also aim to bring about social change.<ref> Definitions from [http://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-outil-682_fr.html Appui à l’émergence et au développement d’initiatives d’économie solidaire], MES, 2023</ref>

Solidarity initiatives are at the heart of :
* [[:Category:Alternative local food networks|Alternative local food networks]]
* [[:Category: Alternative Housing|Alternative Housing]]
* [[:Category: Another way to produce|Another way to produce]]: Supply chains, Tourism, Fair Trade
* [[:Category: Access to resources|Access to resources]]: Land, water, etc.
* [[:Category: Local renewable energy|Local renewable energy]]: energy resources, mobility
* [[:Category: Territorial embeddedness|Territorial embeddedness]] : citizens initiatives and local public policies
* [[:Category: Care|Care]]

== Transformative Public Policies (SSE) and existing legislations==

* [[Responsible Public Procurement]]

== Evaluation tools for SSE/labels/criteria/indicators ==

* [[Utilité sociale/Social Impact]]

== A simple users'guide ==

* [[How to add contents?]]
* [[How to add a picture]]
* [[How to reference another page in Solecopedia]]
* [[How to add references]]
* [[Translations]]

== References ==

Work Integration Social Enterprises (WISEs)

2023-07-25T13:28:56Z

Fwautiez:

{{Ebauche}}

The rise of unemployment and exclusion from the labour market in the late 1960s/70s and early 1980s in Europe marks the development and growing role of '''Work Integration Social Enterprises (WISEs)''' in welfare societies. Their mission was to help unemployed and excluded people to get (back) into employment. WISEs are social enterpises, i.e ; organisations focusing on social value creation,, be it work inclusion for disadvantaged people at large, to foster the development of deprived areas or to contribute to social cohesion. Exclusion from the labour market is viewed as a collective problem that should be resolved by society as a whole and linked to a specific territory. The concept of « disadvantaged people » has enlarged its meaning to people who have experienced prison or probation, people with disabilities, etc.

WISEs aim at social and professional integration with a strong pedagogical and socialization dimension (access to education, training, professionalisation, etc). They are present in different areas : mainly waste management and circular economy but also social farming or home care services. Their impact is not only social and economical, it has got an impact through recycling on environmental protection, responsible consumption and production through collection of waste and recycling or reconditioning of materials) But as enterprises, of course, they also need to be economically viable . They have moreover a strong partnership relation with public policies through public financing and policies about welfare or employment. They are, for example, a potential source for responsible public procurement and policies linked to green and resilient cities.

Beyond enterprises, the sector is very heterogeneous and composed of a diversity of organizations, assuming different forms all around Europe. There exists centers with work adapted for people with disabilities, for example.

One interesting experimentation, a true social innovation dates from 2014. ATD Quart Monde, an association that deals with disadvantaged people in France launched three years later the first : '''Territoires Zéro chômeur de Longue Durée''' that combines local/territorial proximity with employment for people who have long been out of the work market. The idea is to create an organisation- an “'''organization à but d’emploi'''” - that aims :

* to give employment with a long term contract at minimum wage where the person can choose to be part-time or more ;
* create useful non competitive activities on the territory (usually a municipality) : recycling, solidarity-based garage, [[Economic and solidarity short supply chains|short supply chains]], care services, etc., but able to create a small profit ;
* finance these new jobs without additional costs for the public finance.

'''How ?''' First by putting the local stakeholders together (and not a top-down social policy). Secondly, by reallocating the government direct and indirect costs of unemployment (minimum social income, lost tax revenue, etc.).

More than giving back employment, it offers the feeling associated with a regular income and a long term contract. As well as that of being useful to society, social insertion. self-confidence, trust, community, care for the others and the environment in a specific territory, links between public authorities and citizens, better health. As a political position, it raises employment as a '''right''' and '''the territory''' as a specific social, political, economical, environmental space that proposes its own solution through collective reflexion and forms of implementation.

== Equivalent concepts ==

Work integration ; Social integration trhough employment; Structures d’Insertion par l’Activité Économique (SIAE);

== Main networks working on this issue ==
[https://www.ensie.org/ ENSIE] : European Network for Social Integration Enterprises - Réseau européen des entreprises sociales d’insertion

== Links ==

=== With socioeco.org ===

[[THEMA ID::140|Matching Socioeco.org thematic keyword]]

=== With Ripess NL articles or position papers ===
* [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-7914_en.html ENSIE #BuyResponsible Campaign], article from the RIPESS Europe newsletter - December 2021
* `[https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-7926_en.html EU Regions Week: event on a Just and Inclusive transition], article from the RIPESS Europe newsletter - November 2021 by Pauline Bonino
* [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-8169_en.html Winners of the Wise Manager Award 2020], article from the RIPESS Europe newsletter - December 2020 by Patrizia Bussi , European Network of Social Integration Enterprises (ENSIE)
* [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-8264_en.html Specific support measures in time of Covid19], article from the RIPESS Europe newsletter - April 2020
* [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-7975_en.html Meet Ana Silva, CRESAÇOR (Fajã de Baixo, Portugal)], article from the RIPESS Europe newsletter - Summer 2021 , by Ana Silva.

== Other glossaries ==

* [https://knowledgehub.unsse.org/knowledge-hub/work-integration-and-social-enterprises/ Work Integration and Social Enterprises], 2022, UNTFSSE

[[Category: Another way to produce]]

Work Integration Social Enterprises (WISEs)

2023-07-25T13:26:08Z

Fwautiez: Created page with "{{Ebauche}} The rise of unemployment and exclusion from the labour market in the late 1960s/70s and early 1980s in Europe marks the development and growing role of '''Work Integration Social Enterprises (WISEs)''' in welfare societies. Their mission was to help unemployed and excluded people to get (back) into employment. WISEs are social enterpises, i.e ; organisations focusing on social value creation,, be it work inclusion for disadvantaged people at large, to f..."

Economic and solidarity short supply chains

2023-07-24T13:56:01Z

Fwautiez: /* Equivalent concepts */

{{Ebauche}}

Principle: As in the "[[short food supply chains]]", the idea of an economic and solidarity-based short supply chain (translation of « circuits courts économiques et solidaires ») is to bring the consumers closer to the producers and eliminate the number of intermediaries in the supply chain.

See the [[short food supply chains]] page, for advantages and key features.

Beyond ever growing short food supply chains, the concept has extended. It relates to new forms of economic exchanges between several actors (producers, distributors, users, consumers) which concerns all types of sectors of activity (energy, finance, housing, culture, food, etc.), based on cooperation, transparency, equity and social links between the actors involved.
An example is collective renewable energy selfconsumption. More than the proximity between producers and consumers, these projects facilitate inter-knowledge and the exchange of information and data between all the stakeholders, while at the same time making it possible to take collective awareness of energy issues : between for example a renewable energy producer, a biocoop store with solar panels and another building in the vecinity (example initiated in 2019 in France [https://www.lelabo-ess.org/de-l-energie-renouvelable-en-circuits-courts-c-est-possible-avec-biocoop-et-enercoop here], in French).

In the cultural area, [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-7402_fr.html the Labo de l'ESS cites] the Associations pour le Maintien des alternatives en matière de culture et de création artistique (aMacca, that we could translate as CSA for cultural activities), which allow citizens to support the development of cultural projects through micro-patronage, thus becoming "citizen-spectators-producers" involved in the governance of the project.
The Labo de l'ESS launched in 2015 a [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-3832_fr.html Charter of Economic and Solidarity Short Supply Chains] for their further recognition by public policies and promotion as a viable solution for self-reliable local economy capable of supplying the goods and services for the people at local level.

== Equivalent concepts ==
* Short circuits
* Canales cortos de comercialización
* Mercados transparentes

== History of the concept ==

== Public policies associated with this theme ==

Within the framework of public policies aiming at more sustainability, solidarity and territorial anchorage, local authorities can :
* Carry out territorial diagnoses ;
* Propose specific lines of financing ;
* Accompany their development and networking as a territorial policy.

== Main networks working on this issue ==

France
[http://www.lelabo-ess.org/ Le Labo de l'ESS] works on this issue since 2013 and try to help identify them and promote this form of supply chains.

== Links ==
=== With socioeco.org ===

[[THEMA ID::163|Matching Socioeco.org thematic keyword]]

For the moment, socioeco.org has only short food supply chains, as examples, in English.

[[Category:Another way to produce]]

Economic and solidarity short supply chains

2023-07-24T13:36:59Z

Fwautiez: /* Equivalent concepts */

{{Ebauche}}

Principle: As in the "[[short food supply chains]]", the idea of an economic and solidarity-based short supply chain (translation of « circuits courts économiques et solidaires ») is to bring the consumers closer to the producers and eliminate the number of intermediaries in the supply chain.

See the [[short food supply chains]] page, for advantages and key features.

Beyond ever growing short food supply chains, the concept has extended. It relates to new forms of economic exchanges between several actors (producers, distributors, users, consumers) which concerns all types of sectors of activity (energy, finance, housing, culture, food, etc.), based on cooperation, transparency, equity and social links between the actors involved.
An example is collective renewable energy selfconsumption. More than the proximity between producers and consumers, these projects facilitate inter-knowledge and the exchange of information and data between all the stakeholders, while at the same time making it possible to take collective awareness of energy issues : between for example a renewable energy producer, a biocoop store with solar panels and another building in the vecinity (example initiated in 2019 in France [https://www.lelabo-ess.org/de-l-energie-renouvelable-en-circuits-courts-c-est-possible-avec-biocoop-et-enercoop here], in French).

In the cultural area, [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-7402_fr.html the Labo de l'ESS cites] the Associations pour le Maintien des alternatives en matière de culture et de création artistique (aMacca, that we could translate as CSA for cultural activities), which allow citizens to support the development of cultural projects through micro-patronage, thus becoming "citizen-spectators-producers" involved in the governance of the project.
The Labo de l'ESS launched in 2015 a [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-3832_fr.html Charter of Economic and Solidarity Short Supply Chains] for their further recognition by public policies and promotion as a viable solution for self-reliable local economy capable of supplying the goods and services for the people at local level.

== Equivalent concepts ==
* Short circuits
* Canales cortos de comercialización

== History of the concept ==

== Public policies associated with this theme ==

Within the framework of public policies aiming at more sustainability, solidarity and territorial anchorage, local authorities can :
* Carry out territorial diagnoses ;
* Propose specific lines of financing ;
* Accompany their development and networking as a territorial policy.

== Main networks working on this issue ==

France
[http://www.lelabo-ess.org/ Le Labo de l'ESS] works on this issue since 2013 and try to help identify them and promote this form of supply chains.

== Links ==
=== With socioeco.org ===

[[THEMA ID::163|Matching Socioeco.org thematic keyword]]

For the moment, socioeco.org has only short food supply chains, as examples, in English.

[[Category:Another way to produce]]

Community Supported Agriculture - CSA

2023-07-24T13:34:38Z

Fwautiez: /* Equivalent concepts */

{{Ebauche}}

Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) is a concept that links citizens with local farmers and farms with environmentally friendly practices through a harvest partnership. You become a "partner" of a farm by purchasing a share of the harvest in advance. Participating vegetable farms deliver weekly baskets of various vegetables to a fixed point in a neighbourhood. The livestock farms offer their various cuts for an initial deposit.

A win-win partnership
Community Supported Agriculture offers the citizen :
- the privilege of a direct link with a farmer ;
- access to healthy, freshly picked vegetables;
- a role as an important player in the development of organic and local agriculture in Quebec and food sovereignty.

It offers farms :
- the support of a group of committed citizens ;
- the guarantee of an income early in the season;
- the possibility of planning production and harvests in advance.

It requires the citizens :
- to collect their basket each week from the drop-off point ;
- to pay in advance for their vegetables or meat;
- to cook according to the contents of their surprise basket and to participate in the project.

It requires farms to :
- rigorous planning and fine management of diversified production or organic livestock farming;
- a link with several "clients" who have become "partners" rather than with a distributor.

CSA also cares for the issue of the right and access to affordable healthy food for all rather than relegating the poor to eating junk food. Community Supported Agriculture groups have invented many different ways of ensuring that this is possible: from solidarity shares covered by other member’s collective financial contributions, to the possibility often used in Germany of people paying what they can afford, as long as the total contribution meets the producers’ needs, working shares where consumers can work a given number of hours on the farm to partially pay for their share and also shares for vulnerable populations, subsidized by Local Authorities. These are key issues for Social and Solidarity Economy, as they clearly prioritize the human right to food over profit, while ensuring decent incomes for producers (exerpt from Isa Alvarez, Urgenci, at Strasbourg).

== Equivalent concepts ==
[https://v2.solecopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Solidarity-based_Partnerships_for_Agroecology_initiatives_(LSPA) Local Solidarity-based Partnerships for Agroecology initiatives (LSPA)]; Agricultura de Responsabilidad Compartida -ARC(Agriculture based on shared responsbilities);

== History of the concept ==

''All the way around the world in countries as diverse as the United States, Japan, France, China or Mali, people who farm and people who eat are forming communities around locally grown food. Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), Teikei, AMAP, Reciproco, ASC – the names may be different but the essence is the same. Active citizens are making a commitment to local farms to share the risks and the bounty of ecological farming. A century of “development” has broken the connection between people and the land where their food is grown and in many countries, north and south, a few decades of free trade have driven family-scale farms to the point of desperation. A long series of food scandals – illnesses from food-borne pathogens, milk and other products contaminated with GMOs and chemical pollutants – have led to a crisis of confidence in imported foods from industrial-scale farms. CSA offers a return to wholeness, health and economic viability.

Human history abounds in examples of specific groups of non-farmers being connected with specific farms—the medieval manor, the Soviet system of linking a farm with a factory, or the steady attachment of particular customers to the stand of a particular farm at a farmers’ market. In Cuba today, all institutions are obliged to be self-sufficient in food, so companies and schools have farms or garden plots. But none of these is like the form of organization we refer to as CSA.'' From Elizabeth Henderson'kKeynote for Urgenci Kobe Conference 2010, “Community Supported Foods and Farming” February 22nd, 2010.

Read the rest of the article on the history of [[Local Solidarity-based Partnerships for Agroecology initiatives (LSPA)]] around the world on Urgenci website [https://urgenci.net/csa-history/ here].

== Public policies associated with this theme ==

== CSA in the world ==

Some documentation on CSA around the world

* [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-6817_fr.html China CSA network], Atlas of Utopias, 2018
* [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-4424_fr.html A brief overview of Community Supported Agricuture (CSA) in the Philippines post-2014 disaster], Judith Hitchman, 2016
* [https://www.cdtm75.org/spip.php?page=notice&id_cequitnotice=1024 Fair Trade and Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) as Middle Class Social Movements in Hong Kong], Sheilla van Vijk,2015
* [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-175_fr.html Collective farm shops and AMAP (French CSA) in southwest France. Commitment and delegation on the part of producers and consumers], Stéphane Girou, 2008

== Main networks working on this issue ==
The [https://urgenci.net/about-us/ URGENCI network] brings together Local Solidarity Partnerships between Producers and Consumers (LSPC) actors worldwide, all kinds of Community Supported Agriculture initiatives, as a solution to the problems associated with global intensive agricultural production and distribution. Urgenci is a member of [http://www.ripess.org/ RIPESS Intercontinental] and [https://urgenci.net/about-us/ RIPESS Europe].

== Links ==
=== With socioeco.org ===

[[THEMA ID::82|Matching Socioeco.org thematic keyword]]

=== With Ripess NL articles or position papers ===

You will find the articles of the Ripess Newsletters by Urgenci [http://www.socioeco.org/bdf_organisme-3_en.html#type_ART_plusieurs here].

Examples
* [http://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-8363_en.html What are we going to eat tomorrow around the Mediterranean sea ?] Article from the RIPESS Europe newsletter - April 2022, Jocelyn Parot

* [http://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-8326_en.htmln Preparing for the event “Social Economy, the Future of Europe” – Strasbourg, May 2022: Urgenci contribution], Article from the RIPESS Europe newsletter - March 2022 - March 2022,Judith Hitchman, Urgenci

* [http://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-7886_en.html URGENCI’s e-learning hub], Article from the RIPESS Europe newsletter - January 2022

=== With E-learning proposals ===

Urgenci E-learning Hub for the LSPA community

[[File:Urgenci.jpg|400px]]

Click [https://hub.urgenci.net/ here].
{{PedagogicalTools|id=82}}

=== With existing mappings ===

[[Category:Local Solidarity-based Partnerships for Agroecology initiatives (LSPA)|C]]

Social Economy, Solidarity Economy. A bit of history

2023-07-07T08:37:39Z

Fwautiez:

== Introduction : Associationism==

''For [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_auteur-196_fr.html Jean-Louis Laville]<ref>Livre [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-publication-1880_fr.html L'Economie Solidaire en Mouvement], Editions Eres, janvier 2023, Josettes Combes, Brunos Lasnier, Jean-Louis Laville</ref>, the advent of democracy in France in the first half of the 19th century saw the emergence of '''associationism''', a voluntary association between free and equal citizens based on "an interweaving of ideas and practices". Politics is not reduced to elected representatives but to public spaces for deliberation. The economy is based on reciprocal exchanges, based on cooperation, self-organisation and mutualisation between equals. Both the political and the economic participate in the protection of individuals and groups and their emancipation, as well as in the assertion of rights. The statutes of the social economy (mutualist, cooperative and then associative) will leave behind this close combination of the political, the social and the economic, but will retain democratic decision-making, collective ownership and other important principles within their structures.''

== Philanthropy ==

"Once modern democracy emerged, new associations started to emerge. Associationism was initially viewed as being both citizenship-related and fundamentally socio-political in two different senses philanthropy and solidarity.

The concept of philanthropy emerged as a social principle, an essential component of democratic society that helped to regulate it through the establishment of moral objectives and altruistic voluntary commitment. The objective was to provide a framework of rules and directives to enable society to manage itself to a large extent. As a result, associations and their activities were not funded by the government, but run with a high degree of autonomy, and at the same time they forged links with the authorities responsible for legislation on poverty. In addition, a large portion of the social protection was financed and managed locally, with limited central government assistance, giving rise to a host of “institutions that acted as intermediaries” between State and citizens while being at the same time “an integral part of the State fabric” (Lewis, 1997: 169).

== Solidarity: a multifaceted concept ==

On the other hand, while part of the associations arose from a philanthropic desire for social peace, another philosophy was a republican egalitarianism reflected in a broad-based appeal to the multifaceted concept of solidarity. Referring for instance to the francophone debate, in the nineteenth century, two popular solidarity theories emerged: solidarity as a social-democratic link, as proposed by P. Leroux, and solidarity as a debt to society, as proposed by the solidarity theorists like E. Durkheim. Leroux (1851) explained the solidarity concept as follows: “Nature did not create a single being for itself. … It created all beings for each other and gave them a relationship of reciprocal solidarity.” In order to avoid competitive individualism and authoritarian statism, he believed in the value of solidarity networks on the work of associations as means of ensuring that the public spirit essential to democracy was kept alive. The solidarity concept, supported by politicians, legal experts and sociologists such as C. Bouglé, L. Bourgeois, L. Duguit, and E. Durkheim, took on another meaning at the end of the nineteenth century. Going beyond Leroux’s theory of collective involvement in human activity, the solidarity supporters spoke of a debt that generations owed to one another, a debt that would take the form of a contract or a legal form of the twofold debt to society expressed in a commitment toward our fellow men and our descendants. The concept of solidarity laid the philosophical foundations of social law and legitimized the first compulsory social insurance schemes of the twentieth century and it has been reinterpreted by the notion of sustainable development.

==The emergence of social economy==

From the second half of the nineteenth century onwards to the twentieth century, a different set of organizations knows as social economy (nonprofit organizations, cooperatives, mutuals) were given a legal framework, in counterpart compartmentalization and forms of economic integration contributed to the multiplication and fragmentation of subdivisions among the different components of this social economy loosing gradually the search for unity of the pioneering associationism.

The identity of the social economy organizations was consequently affected by the differences in the paths taken by the various components, differences that were accentuated by the strong synergy between State and market during the post war expansion period. But since the onset of the subsequent period of transformation, several factors have served to redefine the socio-political and economic dimensions of the civil society initiatives.

== The emergence of public space and civil society==

First of all, the shift in forms of commitment in the public sphere must be considered. On the one hand, general-interest activism associated with a concept for social change, involving long-term action and strong delegations of authority within federative structures, lost steam, as illustrated by the weakening of trade unions and ideological affiliations. On the other hand, the crisis in voluntarism evident in some of the most institutionalized associations was paralleled by short-term, concrete commitments by associations focusing on providing quick solutions to specific problems. The question raised here is concerning the interrelation between voluntary work and political participation. After the increasing professionalization of social services, from the 1960s onwards, people began to question a perspective, which suggested to equate the citizen to a consumer or a taxpayer. Groups started to take action outside the traditional social movements, combining co-operation, mutual aid and protest. The civil society’s role from this point of view is not just the delivery of services and jobs; it encompasses the search for forms of involvement other than occupational or political participation, and it is related to the issue of social cohesion and active society.

Moreover, the productive structure of economics is going through profound changes. Two major categories with contrasting orientations can be distinguished. Standardizable industries and services covering logistical services (large-scale distribution, etc.) and administrative services (banks, insurance companies, etc.), which moved toward mass-production activities. Dealing primarily with material goods, technical systems and the processing of coded information, these services were changed by new information technologies. Thus their development has been similar to that of industrial activities, which have been characterized by two trends: their job creation capacity is less than it was during period of prosperity from 1945 to 1975, and there is a demand for workers with higher qualifications. On the other hand, relational services, as pointed out by W.J. Baumol ( 1987), give service relationships a pivotal role because the activity is based on direct interaction between supplier and customer. The available figures show that these services are at the center of job creation. Overall, in the member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), trade, services to business, the hotel-restaurant industry, personal and domestic services, education, health care, social action and public administration account for most jobs and their share is steadily increasing. Some subsets such as education, health care and social action, social and personal community services and domestic services show a significant increase in employment, supported by strong sociodemographic trends (Borzaga, 1998).

== The emergence of solidarity economy ==

In this context, innovative ideas were developed in civil society networks, for the most part taking the form of associations and co-operatives. They adjusted to the changes in public action in different ways in accordance, depending on the welfare state system in their particular country. Setting aside national differences, two decisive factors relating to the new forms of co-operatives and associations have to highlighted.

The civil society experiments have created original ways of fostering the trust required for certain activities to succeed. Building trust often depends on the commitment of the stakeholders (Ben Ner & Van Hoomissen, 1991), a commitment facilitated by structures that limit the opportunities for increasing personal wealth. Within this “multi-stakeholder” dynamic (Borzaga & Mittone, 1997; Pestoff, 1997), mutual trust is built through the development of reciprocity-based spheres of activity in which strategic, instrumental and utilitarian factors are secondary and where there is room for collective reflection. These spheres can be described as “micro-public spaces” (Laville, 2007) which means, that issues are submitted to a debate with a view to defining the common good for users and professionals. Mutual trust is reinforced by establishing a frame of reference in the sense used by E. Goffman, expressed, for example, in a charter. Of course, any form of service delivery can be defined as a form of co-production since consumer participation is required. But the experience of social co-operatives in Italy, of child-care co-operatives in Sweden, of community-care associations in the United Kingdom, and of “proximity services” (Laville & Nyssens, 2000) go far beyond co-production. What is taking shape here, is a joint development of supply and demand for services for the purpose not only of soliciting individual users as consumers within a private functional framework but also of integrating them as citizens in the political arena and as community and family members in an informal environment (Evers, 1997: 55). The basis for such new forms of institutionalizing services have been kinds of open spaces reserved for experimentation and discussion, formed with no interest in getting a return on investment or imposing administrative regulations, and in some cases built in reaction against such barriers.

The services were developed on the basis of the experiences of users and professionals and by their joint uptaking of an issue that had not been resolved by the private or public sector. This joint development does not mean that different stakeholders are equally involved. Sometimes professionals, critical of their traditional methods will dominate; but it may also be individuals who, for personal reasons, are familiar with the issues or potential uses of the service; in other cases it may administrators, seeking to bring about change in their institutions may take the leading role. Thus there is no equal representation of the various players in the service; instead, a mixed, pluralistic model involving a variety of stakeholders (professionals, volunteers, users, institutions, etc.) has taken shape. By establishing an intermediary third sphere, this pluralistic model, in varying combinations, makes it possible to counteract “informational uncertainty” – something which goes beyond the well known topic of “informational asymmetry” as it is used in the economic debates on markets and services. We can speak of informational uncertainty when both users and providers are unable to conceptualize the exact features of the service to be adopted before they meet. In such “relational services,” which involve close contact with the users, there is not simply informational asymmetry but a lack of definition of tasks and concepts, something, that is even more disturbing to the stakeholders.

The emergence of these civil society innovations based on reciprocity and multistakeholders has been recognized in different national laws about social and solidarity cooperatives, social enterprises, community interest companies. But if they sick to avoid a paternalistic behavior from the State, their collective aspects call for public support at a time when governments funding have been weakened by drastic reductions in the resources available from the Welfare State. So, solidarity economy which is a new theoretical approach of solidarity and public action, is in the meantime confronted with empirical obstacles" (Extract from "Solidarity Economy International encyclopedia of civil society", Jean-Louis Laville, UNTFSSE, 2022</ref>.

In the 1960s and the following decades, the solidarity economy reappropriated these demands for the democratisation of the economy and of the vivre ensemble in the face of the neo-liberal wave, the rise in unemployment and the desertification of territories. Citizen initiatives for personal services ([[Parental crèches|early childhood]], the elderly, the unemployed), initially isolated, will regroup and link up with researchers. Based on hybrid resources (market and non-market), bringing together very different actors: employees, volunteers, users, producers, elected officials, etc., it will express political demands for social transformation, establishing social, ecological and social justice goals for its economic activities, while basing itself on the egalitarian status of the social economy, the close link between production and reproduction of the feminist economy or the notion of the Commons.

This French approach to another model of development was then linked at the end of the 1990s with similar experiences in the rest of the world, for example, at the first meeting of Globalisation of Solidarity in Lima in 1997 and with the birth of RIPESS Intercontinental. Or the World Social Forums and the Brazilian experience <ref>ibid</ref>.

== References ==

Social Economy, Solidarity Economy. A bit of history

2023-07-07T08:32:36Z

Fwautiez:

== Introduction : Associationism==

''For [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_auteur-196_fr.html Jean-Louis Laville]<ref>Livre [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-publication-1880_fr.html L'Economie Solidaire en Mouvement], Editions Eres, janvier 2023, Josettes Combes, Brunos Lasnier, Jean-Louis Laville</ref>, the advent of democracy in France in the first half of the 19th century saw the emergence of '''associationism''', a voluntary association between free and equal citizens based on "an interweaving of ideas and practices". Politics is not reduced to elected representatives but to public spaces for deliberation. The economy is based on reciprocal exchanges, based on cooperation, self-organisation and mutualisation between equals. Both the political and the economic participate in the protection of individuals and groups and their emancipation, as well as in the assertion of rights. The statutes of the social economy (mutualist, cooperative and then associative) will leave behind this close combination of the political, the social and the economic, but will retain democratic decision-making, collective ownership and other important principles within their structures.''

== Philanthropy ==

"Once modern democracy emerged, new associations started to emerge. Associationism was initially viewed as being both citizenship-related and fundamentally socio-political in two different senses philanthropy and solidarity.

The concept of philanthropy emerged as a social principle, an essential component of democratic society that helped to regulate it through the establishment of moral objectives and altruistic voluntary commitment. The objective was to provide a framework of rules and directives to enable society to manage itself to a large extent. As a result, associations and their activities were not funded by the government, but run with a high degree of autonomy, and at the same time they forged links with the authorities responsible for legislation on poverty. In addition, a large portion of the social protection was financed and managed locally, with limited central government assistance, giving rise to a host of “institutions that acted as intermediaries” between State and citizens while being at the same time “an integral part of the State fabric” (Lewis, 1997: 169).

== Solidarity: a multifaceted concept ==

On the other hand, while part of the associations arose from a philanthropic desire for social peace, another philosophy was a republican egalitarianism reflected in a broad-based appeal to the multifaceted concept of solidarity. Referring for instance to the francophone debate, in the nineteenth century, two popular solidarity theories emerged: solidarity as a social-democratic link, as proposed by P. Leroux, and solidarity as a debt to society, as proposed by the solidarity theorists like E. Durkheim. Leroux (1851) explained the solidarity concept as follows: “Nature did not create a single being for itself. … It created all beings for each other and gave them a relationship of reciprocal solidarity.” In order to avoid competitive individualism and authoritarian statism, he believed in the value of solidarity networks on the work of associations as means of ensuring that the public spirit essential to democracy was kept alive. The solidarity concept, supported by politicians, legal experts and sociologists such as C. Bouglé, L. Bourgeois, L. Duguit, and E. Durkheim, took on another meaning at the end of the nineteenth century. Going beyond Leroux’s theory of collective involvement in human activity, the solidarity supporters spoke of a debt that generations owed to one another, a debt that would take the form of a contract or a legal form of the twofold debt to society expressed in a commitment toward our fellow men and our descendants. The concept of solidarity laid the philosophical foundations of social law and legitimized the first compulsory social insurance schemes of the twentieth century and it has been reinterpreted by the notion of sustainable development.

==The emergence of social economy==

From the second half of the nineteenth century onwards to the twentieth century, a different set of organizations knows as social economy (nonprofit organizations, cooperatives, mutuals) were given a legal framework, in counterpart compartmentalization and forms of economic integration contributed to the multiplication and fragmentation of subdivisions among the different components of this social economy loosing gradually the search for unity of the pioneering associationism.

The identity of the social economy organizations was consequently affected by the differences in the paths taken by the various components, differences that were accentuated by the strong synergy between State and market during the post war expansion period. But since the onset of the subsequent period of transformation, several factors have served to redefine the socio-political and economic dimensions of the civil society initiatives.

== The emergence of public space ==

First of all, the shift in forms of commitment in the public sphere must be considered. On the one hand, general-interest activism associated with a concept for social change, involving long-term action and strong delegations of authority within federative structures, lost steam, as illustrated by the weakening of trade unions and ideological affiliations. On the other hand, the crisis in voluntarism evident in some of the most institutionalized associations was paralleled by short-term, concrete commitments by associations focusing on providing quick solutions to specific problems. The question raised here is concerning the interrelation between voluntary work and political participation. After the increasing professionalization of social services, from the 1960s onwards, people began to question a perspective, which suggested to equate the citizen to a consumer or a taxpayer. Groups started to take action outside the traditional social movements, combining co-operation, mutual aid and protest. The civil society’s role from this point of view is not just the delivery of services and jobs; it encompasses the search for forms of involvement other than occupational or political participation, and it is related to the issue of social cohesion and active society.

Moreover, the productive structure of economics is going through profound changes. Two major categories with contrasting orientations can be distinguished. Standardizable industries and services covering logistical services (large-scale distribution, etc.) and administrative services (banks, insurance companies, etc.), which moved toward mass-production activities. Dealing primarily with material goods, technical systems and the processing of coded information, these services were changed by new information technologies. Thus their development has been similar to that of industrial activities, which have been characterized by two trends: their job creation capacity is less than it was during period of prosperity from 1945 to 1975, and there is a demand for workers with higher qualifications. On the other hand, relational services, as pointed out by W.J. Baumol ( 1987), give service relationships a pivotal role because the activity is based on direct interaction between supplier and customer. The available figures show that these services are at the center of job creation. Overall, in the member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), trade, services to business, the hotel-restaurant industry, personal and domestic services, education, health care, social action and public administration account for most jobs and their share is steadily increasing. Some subsets such as education, health care and social action, social and personal community services and domestic services show a significant increase in employment, supported by strong sociodemographic trends (Borzaga, 1998).
In this context, innovative ideas were developed in civil society networks, for the most part taking the form of associations and co-operatives. They adjusted to the changes in public action in different ways in accordance, depending on the welfare state system in their particular country. Setting aside national differences, two decisive factors relating to the new forms of co-operatives and associations have to highlighted.

The civil society experiments have created original ways of fostering the trust required for certain activities to succeed. Building trust often depends on the commitment of the stakeholders (Ben Ner & Van Hoomissen, 1991), a commitment facilitated by structures that limit the opportunities for increasing personal wealth. Within this “multi-stakeholder” dynamic (Borzaga & Mittone, 1997; Pestoff, 1997), mutual trust is built through the development of reciprocity-based spheres of activity in which strategic, instrumental and utilitarian factors are secondary and where there is room for collective reflection. These spheres can be described as “micro-public spaces” (Laville, 2007) which means, that issues are submitted to a debate with a view to defining the common good for users and professionals. Mutual trust is reinforced by establishing a frame of reference in the sense used by E. Goffman, expressed, for example, in a charter. Of course, any form of service delivery can be defined as a form of co-production since consumer participation is required. But the experience of social co-operatives in Italy, of child-care co-operatives in Sweden, of community-care associations in the United Kingdom, and of “proximity services” (Laville & Nyssens, 2000) go far beyond co-production. What is taking shape here, is a joint development of supply and demand for services for the purpose not only of soliciting individual users as consumers within a private functional framework but also of integrating them as citizens in the political arena and as community and family members in an informal environment (Evers, 1997: 55). The basis for such new forms of institutionalizing services have been kinds of open spaces reserved for experimentation and discussion, formed with no interest in getting a return on investment or imposing administrative regulations, and in some cases built in reaction against such barriers.

The services were developed on the basis of the experiences of users and professionals and by their joint uptaking of an issue that had not been resolved by the private or public sector. This joint development does not mean that different stakeholders are equally involved. Sometimes professionals, critical of their traditional methods will dominate; but it may also be individuals who, for personal reasons, are familiar with the issues or potential uses of the service; in other cases it may administrators, seeking to bring about change in their institutions may take the leading role. Thus there is no equal representation of the various players in the service; instead, a mixed, pluralistic model involving a variety of stakeholders (professionals, volunteers, users, institutions, etc.) has taken shape. By establishing an intermediary third sphere, this pluralistic model, in varying combinations, makes it possible to counteract “informational uncertainty” – something which goes beyond the well known topic of “informational asymmetry” as it is used in the economic debates on markets and services. We can speak of informational uncertainty when both users and providers are unable to conceptualize the exact features of the service to be adopted before they meet. In such “relational services,” which involve close contact with the users, there is not simply informational asymmetry but a lack of definition of tasks and concepts, something, that is even more disturbing to the stakeholders.

The emergence of these civil society innovations based on reciprocity and multistakeholders has been recognized in different national laws about social and solidarity cooperatives, social enterprises, community interest companies. But if they sick to avoid a paternalistic behavior from the State, their collective aspects call for public support at a time when governments funding have been weakened by drastic reductions in the resources available from the Welfare State. So, solidarity economy which is a new theoretical approach of solidarity and public action, is in the meantime confronted with empirical obstacles" (Extract from "Solidarity Economy International encyclopedia of civil society", Jean-Louis Laville, UNTFSSE, 2022</ref>.

Fair Trade

2023-07-07T08:15:31Z

Fwautiez:

{{Ebauche}}

''Fair Trade is a trading partnership, based on dialogue, transparency and respect, that seeks greater equity in international trade. It contributes to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to, and securing the rights of, marginalized producers and workers – especially in the South.
Fair Trade Organizations, backed by consumers, are engaged actively in supporting producers, awareness raising and in campaigning for changes in the rules and practice of conventional international trade.''[https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-6271_en.html The International Fair Trade Charter, 2018]

By seeking social justice in « fair » trade exchanges, mainly between the Global South and the North, Fair Trade is questioning critically globalisation and the dominant economic model. And it allows the reappropriation of commercial exchanges by those who practise them : small producers involved in sustainable ways of producing and responsible involved customers on the other end of the bargain. The idea is not to « help » but to favour the empowerment of people and communities to reach better livelyhoods and dignity, with the famous slogan : « Trade, not aid ».
It is applied to food (where it confluences with organic food), fashion and all types of crafts.

You can read the WFTO 10 principles on Fair Trade [https://wfto.com/sites/default/files/WFTO%2010%20Principles%20poster%20ENG.pdf here], mainly :

* creating opportunities for small producers ;
* providing decent work and fair wages ;
* empowering women ;
* prepayment of the product, especially for food ;
* just price : includes production costs, plus costs linked to a better education, health, food, and projects of the community, allowing the producers to be protected from global market prices fluctuations;
* no child or forced labour ;
* ecological practices,
* transparency and accountability
etc.

Solidarity economy recognises fair trade as one of its sectors of activity and fair trade actors have actively participated in the international structuring of the solidarity economy movement and in the World Social Forums. Their principles are at the very heart of the struggles of peasants and craftsmen in the South : associative, democratic, reciprocal, respectful and social justice practices, as well as the multiple sources of financing,
A North-North vision, as well as a South-South one, marks the evolution of Fair Trade, merging more SSE and Fair Trade. In France, for example, since 2014 the system of Fair Trade was opened to groups of farmers and craftsmen producing in France for French markets. adapting FT principles to the conditions of production and marketing in France. : Making fair trade local, hence "Origine France", an official designation, half of which is certified both organic and fair trade by approved certifiers.
Finally, they share a same ethical, social and political vision ; the transformation of the economy, as can be seen in the documents
« Les propositions des acteurs du commerce équitable pour une économie transformatrice au service de l’humain et de la planète » presented by Commerce Équitable France, in 2022 and « Propuestas para la construcción de una economía más justa, democrática y sostenible » by REAS in 2019.

== History of the concept ==
"The creation of fair trade is the result of an agreement between international solidarity associations in Europe and farmers' or craftsmen's organisations in southern countries. In France, fair trade was launched in the mid-1970s and has developed successfully to the present day, despite its internal contradictions and an unfavourable economic and political environment. It has always been associated with the solidarity economy, even though their origins and trajectories are different.

(...) The principles of this new trade were: North-South solidarity, collective and democratic self-organisation of producers, autonomy, education, fair prices, technical support, local development and criticism of international trade. For around twenty years, fair trade developed within the circles of militant solidarity organisations and the development of specialised shops.
The 1990s marked a first transformation. A number of players in the Netherlands, Germany and the UK set up certification bodies to define precise and verifiable standards to be met, with the aim of introducing "labelled" products into supermarkets to significantly increase sales while guaranteeing consumers the "social quality" of the products. This meant opening up the system to other categories of players: farming businesses in the South with organised workers, certification bodies, importers and supermarket chains. The standards include requirements on labour rights, pre-financing and environmental protection, but link the "fair price" to international market prices. From an economic point of view, this development is reflected in the refocusing on agri-food products sold in supermarkets. From a political point of view, it has led to a major division between those who are banking on the volume of supermarkets and those who are advocating development in specialist shops. This division still persists, even though massive promotional campaigns have won the day for the advocates of standardisation, supported by supermarkets and governments, in terms of sales figures. Producers in southern countries are pragmatic and are not opposed to change, but are demanding that the founding values be respected. To this end, they criticise the incorporation of large farms and demand the effective participation of producers in the development of standards. This latter issue led to the creation by producers of their own label.

Fair trade standardisation, certification and advertising campaigns have boosted demand and made fair trade a genuine niche market (growing by up to 20% a year). This eventually attracted the interest of major traders and governments that had previously been reluctant. As a result, the 2000s saw products from multinationals certified as Fairtrade, as well as processed foods containing only a few Fairtrade ingredients. Little by little, governments are regulating practices by defining the concept, approving standards and authorising "labels". From a socio-economic innovation "invented" by North-South solidarity associations and producers, fair trade is becoming a highly valued commercial success story.
While they have had to adopt some of their own economic and regulatory standards, they have not given up on promoting their own values and practices. These are just the first stages in an ongoing process of adaptation, in which the balance of power is always present and decisive. The unanswered question is how to succeed in maintaining the essential elements of the approach: the primary needs of producers and consumers and the protection of the biosphere". <ref> From the chapter Le commerce équitable" by Arturo Palma Torres in "L'Economie Solidaire en mouvement", Josette Combes, Brunos Lasnier, Jean-Louis Laville, Erès, 2023</ref>

== Public policies associated with this issue ==

=== France ===

As a result of its breakthrough, fair trade has been recognised by the public authorities since the law of 2 August 2005, followed by 5 articles of law regulating its activities in terms of definition, standardisation, certification, marketing, financing and awareness-raising. As Arturo Palma Torres puts it: In 50 years, fair trade players have managed to gain recognition from the markets and the state.

The French Fair Trade Act (2005) offers a number of tools that are having a positive impact and are based on the commitment of economic players.
* Co-responsibility: commercial contracts, for a minimum of three years, give farmers visibility for the future and, for buyers and consumers, security of supply.
* Transparency on origin, prices and margins.
* Collective and democratic organisation: a specific share, paid in addition by the buyer, is reserved for joint projects decided by the community. It is based, in France and internationally, on a strong democratic life.

== References ==

[[Category:Another way to produce]]

Social Economy, Solidarity Economy. A bit of history

2023-07-06T13:26:36Z

Fwautiez:

"Once modern democracy emerged, new associations started to emerge. Associationism was initially viewed as being both citizenship-related and fundamentally socio-political in two different senses philanthropy and solidarity.

The concept of philanthropy emerged as a social principle, an essential component of democratic society that helped to regulate it through the establishment of moral objectives and altruistic voluntary commitment. The objective was to provide a framework of rules and directives to enable society to manage itself to a large extent. As a result, associations and their activities were not funded by the government, but run with a high degree of autonomy, and at the same time they forged links with the authorities responsible for legislation on poverty. In addition, a large portion of the social protection was financed and managed locally, with limited central government assistance, giving rise to a host of “institutions that acted as intermediaries” between State and citizens while being at the same time “an integral part of the State fabric” (Lewis, 1997: 169).

On the other hand, while part of the associations arose from a philanthropic desire for social peace, another philosophy was a republican egalitarianism reflected in a broad-based appeal to the multifaceted concept of solidarity. Referring for instance to the francophone debate, in the nineteenth century, two popular solidarity theories emerged: solidarity as a social-democratic link, as proposed by P. Leroux, and solidarity as a debt to society, as proposed by the solidarity theorists like E. Durkheim. Leroux (1851) explained the solidarity concept as follows: “Nature did not create a single being for itself. … It created all beings for each other and gave them a relationship of reciprocal solidarity.” In order to avoid competitive individualism and authoritarian statism, he believed in the value of solidarity networks on the work of associations as means of ensuring that the public spirit essential to democracy was kept alive. The solidarity concept, supported by politicians, legal experts and sociologists such as C. Bouglé, L. Bourgeois, L. Duguit, and E. Durkheim, took on another meaning at the end of the nineteenth century. Going beyond Leroux’s theory of collective involvement in human activity, the solidarity supporters spoke of a debt that generations owed to one another, a debt that would take the form of a contract or a legal form of the twofold debt to society expressed in a commitment toward our fellow men and our descendants. The concept of solidarity laid the philosophical foundations of social law and legitimized the first compulsory social insurance schemes of the twentieth century and it has been reinterpreted by the notion of sustainable development.

From the second half of the nineteenth century onwards to the twentieth century, a different set of organizations knows as social economy (nonprofit organizations, cooperatives, mutuals) were given a legal framework, in counterpart compartmentalization and forms of economic integration contributed to the multiplication and fragmentation of subdivisions among the different components of this social economy loosing gradually the search for unity of the pioneering associationism.

The identity of the social economy organizations was consequently affected by the differences in the paths taken by the various components, differences that were accentuated by the strong synergy between State and market during the post war expansion period. But since the onset of the subsequent period of transformation, several factors have served to redefine the socio-political and economic dimensions of the civil society initiatives.

First of all, the shift in forms of commitment in the public sphere must be considered. On the one hand, general-interest activism associated with a concept for social change, involving long-term action and strong delegations of authority within federative structures, lost steam, as illustrated by the weakening of trade unions and ideological affiliations. On the other hand, the crisis in voluntarism evident in some of the most institutionalized associations was paralleled by short-term, concrete commitments by associations focusing on providing quick solutions to specific problems. The question raised here is concerning the interrelation between voluntary work and political participation. After the increasing professionalization of social services, from the 1960s onwards, people began to question a perspective, which suggested to equate the citizen to a consumer or a taxpayer. Groups started to take action outside the traditional social movements, combining co-operation, mutual aid and protest. The civil society’s role from this point of view is not just the delivery of services and jobs; it encompasses the search for forms of involvement other than occupational or political participation, and it is related to the issue of social cohesion and active society.

Moreover, the productive structure of economics is going through profound changes. Two major categories with contrasting orientations can be distinguished. Standardizable industries and services covering logistical services (large-scale distribution, etc.) and administrative services (banks, insurance companies, etc.), which moved toward mass-production activities. Dealing primarily with material goods, technical systems and the processing of coded information, these services were changed by new information technologies. Thus their development has been similar to that of industrial activities, which have been characterized by two trends: their job creation capacity is less than it was during period of prosperity from 1945 to 1975, and there is a demand for workers with higher qualifications. On the other hand, relational services, as pointed out by W.J. Baumol ( 1987), give service relationships a pivotal role because the activity is based on direct interaction between supplier and customer. The available figures show that these services are at the center of job creation. Overall, in the member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), trade, services to business, the hotel-restaurant industry, personal and domestic services, education, health care, social action and public administration account for most jobs and their share is steadily increasing. Some subsets such as education, health care and social action, social and personal community services and domestic services show a significant increase in employment, supported by strong sociodemographic trends (Borzaga, 1998).
In this context, innovative ideas were developed in civil society networks, for the most part taking the form of associations and co-operatives. They adjusted to the changes in public action in different ways in accordance, depending on the welfare state system in their particular country. Setting aside national differences, two decisive factors relating to the new forms of co-operatives and associations have to highlighted.

The civil society experiments have created original ways of fostering the trust required for certain activities to succeed. Building trust often depends on the commitment of the stakeholders (Ben Ner & Van Hoomissen, 1991), a commitment facilitated by structures that limit the opportunities for increasing personal wealth. Within this “multi-stakeholder” dynamic (Borzaga & Mittone, 1997; Pestoff, 1997), mutual trust is built through the development of reciprocity-based spheres of activity in which strategic, instrumental and utilitarian factors are secondary and where there is room for collective reflection. These spheres can be described as “micro-public spaces” (Laville, 2007) which means, that issues are submitted to a debate with a view to defining the common good for users and professionals. Mutual trust is reinforced by establishing a frame of reference in the sense used by E. Goffman, expressed, for example, in a charter. Of course, any form of service delivery can be defined as a form of co-production since consumer participation is required. But the experience of social co-operatives in Italy, of child-care co-operatives in Sweden, of community-care associations in the United Kingdom, and of “proximity services” (Laville & Nyssens, 2000) go far beyond co-production. What is taking shape here, is a joint development of supply and demand for services for the purpose not only of soliciting individual users as consumers within a private functional framework but also of integrating them as citizens in the political arena and as community and family members in an informal environment (Evers, 1997: 55). The basis for such new forms of institutionalizing services have been kinds of open spaces reserved for experimentation and discussion, formed with no interest in getting a return on investment or imposing administrative regulations, and in some cases built in reaction against such barriers.

The services were developed on the basis of the experiences of users and professionals and by their joint uptaking of an issue that had not been resolved by the private or public sector. This joint development does not mean that different stakeholders are equally involved. Sometimes professionals, critical of their traditional methods will dominate; but it may also be individuals who, for personal reasons, are familiar with the issues or potential uses of the service; in other cases it may administrators, seeking to bring about change in their institutions may take the leading role. Thus there is no equal representation of the various players in the service; instead, a mixed, pluralistic model involving a variety of stakeholders (professionals, volunteers, users, institutions, etc.) has taken shape. By establishing an intermediary third sphere, this pluralistic model, in varying combinations, makes it possible to counteract “informational uncertainty” – something which goes beyond the well known topic of “informational asymmetry” as it is used in the economic debates on markets and services. We can speak of informational uncertainty when both users and providers are unable to conceptualize the exact features of the service to be adopted before they meet. In such “relational services,” which involve close contact with the users, there is not simply informational asymmetry but a lack of definition of tasks and concepts, something, that is even more disturbing to the stakeholders.

The emergence of these civil society innovations based on reciprocity and multistakeholders has been recognized in different national laws about social and solidarity cooperatives, social enterprises, community interest companies. But if they sick to avoid a paternalistic behavior from the State, their collective aspects call for public support at a time when governments funding have been weakened by drastic reductions in the resources available from the Welfare State. So, solidarity economy which is a new theoretical approach of solidarity and public action, is in the meantime confronted with empirical obstacles" (Extract from "Solidarity Economy International encyclopedia of civil society", Jean-Louis Laville, UNTFSSE, 2022</ref>.

Let's build together a common knowledge base for a solidarity economy

2023-07-06T13:00:04Z

Fwautiez: /* Social Solidarity Economy rights, values and principles */

{{Ebauche}}

Solecopedia is a collective and participative project from Ripess Europe of a free and multilingual wiki, which aims to make the different concepts of the social solidarity economy (SSE) accessible to all. Without pretending to use the grandiloquent words of the academic world, this Glossary of concepts is a small contribution to order all our ideas of the SSE and aims to help the actors of this economy to elaborate together a common frame of reference, which allows to overcome the problems of communication from one country, one language, or one sector to another. We chose to use the wiki as a means to have a collective evolving knowledge that is enriched by the collaboration of several different approaches.

These concepts are the result of different projects, works or activities in which different people from different organisations, movements, initiatives, etc. have participated. Of course, there are no absolute truths and there will certainly be many incomplete definitions, but little by little and thanks to the participation of the members, we will be able to establish shared understandings (rather than definitions) that include all the diversities that cross between us.

Basis of participation in Solecopedia: Anyone with experience in the Social Solidarity Economy (SSE) is invited to participate and add concepts and proposals to Solecopedia, always with a collective responsibility; it is a project of all of us. We are aware of the symbolic charge that the creation of knowledge represents and the way it has always been articulated from the West, constructing colonial, patriarchal, formative, adult-centred realities and so on. Solecopedia seeks to value other ways of creating knowledge by actively encouraging the participation of other continents.

Comments that are sexist, racist, xenophobic, LGTBIQ-phobic or include any form of discrimination will be censored in this collective wikipedia.

== Transformative economies ==
Social Solidarity Economy (SSE) is part of the broader vision of transformative economies, movements, paradigms, initiatives that bring elements of criticism of the dominant economic framework into play and seek to implement real and concrete alternatives to transform the economy, towards a fairer, peaceful, more socially and environmentally sustainable world. It includes:

* Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy
* [[:Category:The Commons|The Commons]]
* [[Agroecology]] and [[Food sovereignty]]
* [[:Category:Community-led Initiatives|Community-led Initiatives]]
* Degrowth
* Ecological Transition
* Political Ecology

== Let's look for some definitions : a tentative of shared undertanding : ==

* [[Three theoretical approaches - Third sector/Non profit sector; Social Economy; Solidarity Economy]]
* The synthesis: Social and Solidarity Economy
* Possible definitions by Ripess and its members

== [[Social Economy, Solidarity Economy. A bit of history]] ==

== Social Solidarity Economy rights, values and principles ==

* [[Solidarity]]
* [[Diversity]]
* [[Democracy]]
* [[Inclusiveness]]
* [[Equality, equity and Justice]]
* [[Humanism]]
* [[Creativity]]
* [[Subsidiarity]]
* [[Eco-dependency]]
* [[Interdependency]]
* [[Terenga]]
* [[Sumak Kawsay/Buen vivir]]
* [[Economic democracy and economic citizenship]]

== Structures of Social Solidarity Economy (SSE) ==

* [[Associations]]
* Social Enterprises
* Solidarity-based entrepreneurship
* [[:Category:Cooperatives|Cooperatives]]
* Mutuals
* NGOs
* Informal groups and initiatives
* SSE networks
* Free-software/opensource platforms
* Ethical banks

== Practices of Social Solidarity Economy (SSE) ==

Largely used by various transformative economies movements (see above), the notion of '''initiative''' makes it possible to grasp the '''political and citizen dimension''' of the SSE, which cannot be fully grasped by the notion of '''enterprise''' alone (even a solidarity-based enterprise).

* Solidarity initiatives are the result of '''bottom-up collective dynamics''' taken by non-institutional players.
* They refer both to a capacity to act or to '''undertake collectively''' and to the '''beginning of an action'''.
* They are approaches to '''socialisation and the territorialised organisation''' of reciprocal practices and commitments that are rooted in people's '''daily lives''' and test their '''lifestyles'''.
* They make it easier for citizens to '''reappropriate global issues''' (global warming, sustainable food, cultural diversity, empowerment of residents, etc.) on the basis of concrete, local experiments.
* The initiatives are based on solidarity and encourage '''mutual support between peers''', cooperation between stakeholders and '''collective''' expression between involved people who share common experiences and concerns.
* The organisational dimension of the initiatives is indeterminate and '''plural'''. It does not necessarily ultimately take the form of a company to be developed. The notion of initiative allows us to grasp the process of creating an activity - "from idea to project" - upstream of the formalisation of an organisation. It also covers local networking and cooperation between different organisations and local players (from producer to consumer) downstream of business management.
* Initiatives are based on collectives combining '''personal and citizen commitment''', '''productive organisations and political action'''. The notion of initiative makes it possible to take account of the '''dual economic and political dimensions''' of multi-stakeholder dynamics. These initiatives, which create economic activity and local wealth, can also aim to bring about social change.<ref> Definitions from [http://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-outil-682_fr.html Appui à l’émergence et au développement d’initiatives d’économie solidaire], MES, 2023</ref>

Solidarity initiatives are at the heart of :
* [[:Category:Alternative local food networks|Alternative local food networks]]
* [[:Category: Alternative Housing|Alternative Housing]]
* [[:Category: Another way to produce|Another way to produce]]: Supply chains, Tourism, Fair Trade
* [[:Category: Access to resources|Access to resources]]: Land, water, etc.
* [[:Category: Local renewable energy|Local renewable energy]]: energy resources, mobility
* [[:Category: Territorial embeddedness|Territorial embeddedness]] : citizens initiatives and local public policies
* [[:Category: Care|Care]]

== Transformative Public Policies (SSE) and existing legislations==

* [[Responsible Public Procurement]]

== Evaluation tools for SSE/labels/criteria/indicators ==

* [[Utilité sociale/Social Impact]]

== A simple users'guide ==

* [[How to add contents?]]
* [[How to add a picture]]
* [[How to reference another page in Solecopedia]]
* [[How to add references]]
* [[Translations]]

== References ==

Let's build together a common knowledge base for a solidarity economy

2023-07-06T12:57:01Z

Fwautiez: /* Structures of Social Solidarity Economy (SSE) */

{{Ebauche}}

Solecopedia is a collective and participative project from Ripess Europe of a free and multilingual wiki, which aims to make the different concepts of the social solidarity economy (SSE) accessible to all. Without pretending to use the grandiloquent words of the academic world, this Glossary of concepts is a small contribution to order all our ideas of the SSE and aims to help the actors of this economy to elaborate together a common frame of reference, which allows to overcome the problems of communication from one country, one language, or one sector to another. We chose to use the wiki as a means to have a collective evolving knowledge that is enriched by the collaboration of several different approaches.

These concepts are the result of different projects, works or activities in which different people from different organisations, movements, initiatives, etc. have participated. Of course, there are no absolute truths and there will certainly be many incomplete definitions, but little by little and thanks to the participation of the members, we will be able to establish shared understandings (rather than definitions) that include all the diversities that cross between us.

Basis of participation in Solecopedia: Anyone with experience in the Social Solidarity Economy (SSE) is invited to participate and add concepts and proposals to Solecopedia, always with a collective responsibility; it is a project of all of us. We are aware of the symbolic charge that the creation of knowledge represents and the way it has always been articulated from the West, constructing colonial, patriarchal, formative, adult-centred realities and so on. Solecopedia seeks to value other ways of creating knowledge by actively encouraging the participation of other continents.

Comments that are sexist, racist, xenophobic, LGTBIQ-phobic or include any form of discrimination will be censored in this collective wikipedia.

== Transformative economies ==
Social Solidarity Economy (SSE) is part of the broader vision of transformative economies, movements, paradigms, initiatives that bring elements of criticism of the dominant economic framework into play and seek to implement real and concrete alternatives to transform the economy, towards a fairer, peaceful, more socially and environmentally sustainable world. It includes:

* Ecofeminism, Feminist Economy and the Care Economy
* [[:Category:The Commons|The Commons]]
* [[Agroecology]] and [[Food sovereignty]]
* [[:Category:Community-led Initiatives|Community-led Initiatives]]
* Degrowth
* Ecological Transition
* Political Ecology

== Let's look for some definitions : a tentative of shared undertanding : ==

* [[Three theoretical approaches - Third sector/Non profit sector; Social Economy; Solidarity Economy]]
* The synthesis: Social and Solidarity Economy
* Possible definitions by Ripess and its members

== [[Social Economy, Solidarity Economy. A bit of history]] ==

== Social Solidarity Economy rights, values and principles ==

* [[Solidarity]]
* [[Diversity]]
* [[Democracy]]
* [[Equality, equity and Justice]]
* [[Humanism]]
* [[Subsidiarity]]
* [[Eco-dependency]]
* [[Interdependency]]
* [[Terenga]]
* [[Sumak Kawsay/Buen vivir]]
* [[Economic democracy and economic citizenship]]

== Structures of Social Solidarity Economy (SSE) ==

* [[Associations]]
* Social Enterprises
* Solidarity-based entrepreneurship
* [[:Category:Cooperatives|Cooperatives]]
* Mutuals
* NGOs
* Informal groups and initiatives
* SSE networks
* Free-software/opensource platforms
* Ethical banks

== Practices of Social Solidarity Economy (SSE) ==

Largely used by various transformative economies movements (see above), the notion of '''initiative''' makes it possible to grasp the '''political and citizen dimension''' of the SSE, which cannot be fully grasped by the notion of '''enterprise''' alone (even a solidarity-based enterprise).

* Solidarity initiatives are the result of '''bottom-up collective dynamics''' taken by non-institutional players.
* They refer both to a capacity to act or to '''undertake collectively''' and to the '''beginning of an action'''.
* They are approaches to '''socialisation and the territorialised organisation''' of reciprocal practices and commitments that are rooted in people's '''daily lives''' and test their '''lifestyles'''.
* They make it easier for citizens to '''reappropriate global issues''' (global warming, sustainable food, cultural diversity, empowerment of residents, etc.) on the basis of concrete, local experiments.
* The initiatives are based on solidarity and encourage '''mutual support between peers''', cooperation between stakeholders and '''collective''' expression between involved people who share common experiences and concerns.
* The organisational dimension of the initiatives is indeterminate and '''plural'''. It does not necessarily ultimately take the form of a company to be developed. The notion of initiative allows us to grasp the process of creating an activity - "from idea to project" - upstream of the formalisation of an organisation. It also covers local networking and cooperation between different organisations and local players (from producer to consumer) downstream of business management.
* Initiatives are based on collectives combining '''personal and citizen commitment''', '''productive organisations and political action'''. The notion of initiative makes it possible to take account of the '''dual economic and political dimensions''' of multi-stakeholder dynamics. These initiatives, which create economic activity and local wealth, can also aim to bring about social change.<ref> Definitions from [http://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-outil-682_fr.html Appui à l’émergence et au développement d’initiatives d’économie solidaire], MES, 2023</ref>

Solidarity initiatives are at the heart of :
* [[:Category:Alternative local food networks|Alternative local food networks]]
* [[:Category: Alternative Housing|Alternative Housing]]
* [[:Category: Another way to produce|Another way to produce]]: Supply chains, Tourism, Fair Trade
* [[:Category: Access to resources|Access to resources]]: Land, water, etc.
* [[:Category: Local renewable energy|Local renewable energy]]: energy resources, mobility
* [[:Category: Territorial embeddedness|Territorial embeddedness]] : citizens initiatives and local public policies
* [[:Category: Care|Care]]

== Transformative Public Policies (SSE) and existing legislations==

* [[Responsible Public Procurement]]

== Evaluation tools for SSE/labels/criteria/indicators ==

* [[Utilité sociale/Social Impact]]

== A simple users'guide ==

* [[How to add contents?]]
* [[How to add a picture]]
* [[How to reference another page in Solecopedia]]
* [[How to add references]]
* [[Translations]]

== References ==

Three theoretical approaches - Third sector/Non profit sector; Social Economy; Solidarity Economy

2023-07-06T12:52:04Z

Fwautiez: /* The Solidarity Economy */

{{Ebauche}}

== The Third sector (Tiers secteur) or non profit sector ==

Since the 1980s, there has been a revival of interest in organisations that are neither public nor private for-profit; the most widespread term for them is the “third sector”. The American approach which is dominant internationally in this field, defines this third sector as the sector comprising all non-profit organisations (NPO).

The “non-profit sector” approach is based on the neo-classical economy perspective and apprehends the non-profit organizations through '''market failures''' in the provision of individual services and through '''state failures''' in the provision of collective services. This approach supposes a separation between these three "sectors" and a hierarchisation among these, the non-profit sector being adopted as a second-rank or third-rank option when the solutions provided by the market and the state prove inadequate.

(…) But such a conception is invalidated by history, associationism having pre-existed public intervention – hence the necessary shift towards conceptions based on other prerequisites, which do not overlook a more than two century-long history in Europe and in the world. In this regard, a more historical perspective allowed to draw two complementary conceptions: the social economy and the solidarity economy. On the theoretical level, the contributions of both heterodox economics and sociology converge to propose the structuring importance of '''[[Solidarity|solidarity']]'' and a more open conceptualisation of the '''interdependence between public action and associative action''' present in both concepts. <ref>Solidarity economy in the world, Jean-Louis Laville in...</ref>. For Defourny and Delvetere <ref>[https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-6330_en.html The Social Economy : The worldwide making of a third sector], Jacques Defourny, Patrick Delvetere,1999</ref> the differences may be summarised as follows: the conceptual centre of gravity of the not-for-profit approach is found in the prohibition of distribution of profits, (...)whereas the concept of the social economy relies heavily on co-operative principles, based primarily on the search for '''[[Economic democracy and economic citizenship|economic democracy]]'''.

'''Note''':
* Third sector or non profit sector is still used by researchers as a synonym of social or solidarity economy.
* To know more about the limits of this concept, see both documents in references.

=== Links ===
==== With socioeco.org ====

You can find documents using the Third sector concept [https://www.socioeco.org/scrutarijs_en.html?q=third+sector here] and "non-profit" (or non profit) [https://www.socioeco.org/scrutarijs_en.html?q=Non+profit here].

== The Social Economy ==

The Social Economy (SE) is historically linked to popular associations and cooperatives. These great families were interlinked expressions of a single impulse: the response of the most vulnerable and defenceless social groups, through self-help organisations, to the new living conditions created by the development of industrial society in the 18th and 19th centuries <ref>[http://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-648_en.html The Social Economy in the European Union] – Report by José Luis Monzón & Rafael Chaves, 2012 </ref> (see [[Social Economy, Solidarity Economy. A bit of history|A bit of history]])

The social economy recognises some legal forms (co-operatives, mutual societies, associations, and lately, foundations), in which the material interest of investors is subject to limits and gives priority to the setting up of a collective patrimony over the return on individual investment.

In other words, what is stressed in Europe is, at the organizational level, all the legal forms which limit the private appropriation of benefits. At the difference with the Third/Non profit sector North American view, European initiatives share a common tradition, which is specific to them and insists less on the non-distribution constraint, philanthropy and volunteering than on collective actions based on mutual help and participation of the citizens concerned by social problems.

Their characteristics are : service to its members or to the community ahead of profit; autonomous management; a democratic decision-making process; the primacy of people and work over capital in the distribution of revenues (see "''Cooperative values and principles''" in [[Cooperatives]]).

Laville notes that for some authors the social economy includes only those associations which are enterprises. It is thus composed of non-capitalist enterprises, active on the market, and the indicator of success is that of the increase in the volume of market activities. This definition evaluates co-operatives, mutual societies and associations in terms of the evolution of the relations between their members and in terms of their economic results, examined from the point of view of their degree of integration in the market economy. Questions on the internal functioning and the non-market spheres of the economy are occulted.<ref>ibid Laville</ref>.

Social economy organisations and business models are present in different economic sectors and industrial value chains all over the world. In Europe, while the social economy is developed unevenly across EU Member States, its contribution to national GDP can range up to 10% in some Member States (Spain, France, 2017). According to the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) (20233, 12% of humanity is part of any of the 3 million cooperatives in the world. 280 million people around the world has got a job through a cooperative, I.e. 10% of the world's employed population.

'''Note :'''

* Social Economy is used in several countries, sometimes as a synonym of "Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) (Spain, Romania, European Union, Québec, etc.).

=== Links ===

==== With socioeco.org ====

Social enterprises : [[THEMA ID::88|Matching Socioeco.org thematic keyword]]

and The Social Economy in the European Union : [[THEMA ID::192|Matching Socioeco.org thematic keyword]]

=== External glossaries ===

* [[Wikipedia:Social economy| Wikipedia page "Social economy"]]

== The Solidarity Economy ==

Based on the theoretical works like the ones from Polanyi <ref>Polanyi, K. (1977). The livelihood of man. New York/San Franciso/London: Academic.</ref> and Mauss <ref>, Introduction. Encastrement et nouvelles sociologie économique : de Granovetter à Polanyi et Mauss, Jean-Louis Laville,2019</ref>, the solidarity economy approach , – from an economic point of view --, can be said to be based on the perspective of a plural economy, in which the '''market''' is but one of the components, which cannot occult the existence of '''redistribution''' and '''reciprocity'''. The repartition – their respective weight and form – among these three economic principles – greatly varied throughout history.

The solidarity economy approach stresses the mix of these three principles, plus a link tto the '''political dimension'''. The solidarity economy insists on the principle of solidarity, the strong link with the territory and on the close relations between associative action and public authorities. : One of the originalities of the European point of view consists in integrating the initiatives of the civil society in the public space of modern democratic societies. Be it by contributing to the evolution of forms of public regulation. Or it is the rules enacted by public authorities that influence the trajectories of initiatives. But most of all, in the 1980’s – as a consequence of the 1968-76 protests (May 68, Prague, Mexico, Portugal, etc), the political dimension expressed itself in its criticism to consumption and ways of life, totally new questions raised by the social movements by popularizing themes such as the denunciation of the damages caused by neo-liberal capitalism or the re-appropriation of private life and the public space. What became questioned was the very basis of the development model, which everyone had hitherto agreed upon : the ideology of progress.

In South America and in Europe, “solidarity economy” (the translation of "economía solidaria or "de la solidaridad"" or "économie solidaire", etc.) (<ref>[http://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-429_en.html Solidarity Economy: Key Concepts and Issues],Ethan Miller, 2010 </ref>) expresses itself as a set of thousands of concrete initiatives and experimentations; authors defined it as activities contributing to democratize the economy through citizens’ involvement. Social innovations are observed in proximity services, fair trade, solidarity tourism, [[Category:Alternative local food networks|organic agriculture]], critical consumption and [[short food supply chains|short supply chains]], [[Local renewable energy cooperatives|renewable energies]], recycling and waste valorization, heritage preservation, microfinance and social currencies, integration through economic activities, …. The democratization of the economy through the proliferation of social innovations is thus linked to the democratization of society .

The conceptual framework of solidarity economy is complementary to "third sector" and "social economy" because it considers these associations and cooperatives not only as organizations but as institutions of civil society with both an economic and a political dimension <ref> Solidarity Economy International encyclopedia of civil society, UNTFSSE,Jean-Louis Laville, 2022</ref>. Bringing thus the perspective of a transformative economy.

=== Links ===
=== With socioeco.org ===

[[THEMA ID::86|Matching Socioeco.org thematic keyword]]

== External glossaries ==

* [[Wikipedia:Solidarity Economy| Wikipedia page "Solidarity Economy"]]

== References ==

Three theoretical approaches - Third sector/Non profit sector; Social Economy; Solidarity Economy

2023-07-06T12:41:20Z

Fwautiez:

{{Ebauche}}

== The Third sector (Tiers secteur) or non profit sector ==

Since the 1980s, there has been a revival of interest in organisations that are neither public nor private for-profit; the most widespread term for them is the “third sector”. The American approach which is dominant internationally in this field, defines this third sector as the sector comprising all non-profit organisations (NPO).

The “non-profit sector” approach is based on the neo-classical economy perspective and apprehends the non-profit organizations through '''market failures''' in the provision of individual services and through '''state failures''' in the provision of collective services. This approach supposes a separation between these three "sectors" and a hierarchisation among these, the non-profit sector being adopted as a second-rank or third-rank option when the solutions provided by the market and the state prove inadequate.

(…) But such a conception is invalidated by history, associationism having pre-existed public intervention – hence the necessary shift towards conceptions based on other prerequisites, which do not overlook a more than two century-long history in Europe and in the world. In this regard, a more historical perspective allowed to draw two complementary conceptions: the social economy and the solidarity economy. On the theoretical level, the contributions of both heterodox economics and sociology converge to propose the structuring importance of '''[[Solidarity|solidarity']]'' and a more open conceptualisation of the '''interdependence between public action and associative action''' present in both concepts. <ref>Solidarity economy in the world, Jean-Louis Laville in...</ref>. For Defourny and Delvetere <ref>[https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-6330_en.html The Social Economy : The worldwide making of a third sector], Jacques Defourny, Patrick Delvetere,1999</ref> the differences may be summarised as follows: the conceptual centre of gravity of the not-for-profit approach is found in the prohibition of distribution of profits, (...)whereas the concept of the social economy relies heavily on co-operative principles, based primarily on the search for '''[[Economic democracy and economic citizenship|economic democracy]]'''.

'''Note''':
* Third sector or non profit sector is still used by researchers as a synonym of social or solidarity economy.
* To know more about the limits of this concept, see both documents in references.

=== Links ===
==== With socioeco.org ====

You can find documents using the Third sector concept [https://www.socioeco.org/scrutarijs_en.html?q=third+sector here] and "non-profit" (or non profit) [https://www.socioeco.org/scrutarijs_en.html?q=Non+profit here].

== The Social Economy ==

The Social Economy (SE) is historically linked to popular associations and cooperatives. These great families were interlinked expressions of a single impulse: the response of the most vulnerable and defenceless social groups, through self-help organisations, to the new living conditions created by the development of industrial society in the 18th and 19th centuries <ref>[http://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-648_en.html The Social Economy in the European Union] – Report by José Luis Monzón & Rafael Chaves, 2012 </ref> (see [[Social Economy, Solidarity Economy. A bit of history|A bit of history]])

The social economy recognises some legal forms (co-operatives, mutual societies, associations, and lately, foundations), in which the material interest of investors is subject to limits and gives priority to the setting up of a collective patrimony over the return on individual investment.

In other words, what is stressed in Europe is, at the organizational level, all the legal forms which limit the private appropriation of benefits. At the difference with the Third/Non profit sector North American view, European initiatives share a common tradition, which is specific to them and insists less on the non-distribution constraint, philanthropy and volunteering than on collective actions based on mutual help and participation of the citizens concerned by social problems.

Their characteristics are : service to its members or to the community ahead of profit; autonomous management; a democratic decision-making process; the primacy of people and work over capital in the distribution of revenues (see "''Cooperative values and principles''" in [[Cooperatives]]).

Laville notes that for some authors the social economy includes only those associations which are enterprises. It is thus composed of non-capitalist enterprises, active on the market, and the indicator of success is that of the increase in the volume of market activities. This definition evaluates co-operatives, mutual societies and associations in terms of the evolution of the relations between their members and in terms of their economic results, examined from the point of view of their degree of integration in the market economy. Questions on the internal functioning and the non-market spheres of the economy are occulted.<ref>ibid Laville</ref>.

Social economy organisations and business models are present in different economic sectors and industrial value chains all over the world. In Europe, while the social economy is developed unevenly across EU Member States, its contribution to national GDP can range up to 10% in some Member States (Spain, France, 2017). According to the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) (20233, 12% of humanity is part of any of the 3 million cooperatives in the world. 280 million people around the world has got a job through a cooperative, I.e. 10% of the world's employed population.

'''Note :'''

* Social Economy is used in several countries, sometimes as a synonym of "Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) (Spain, Romania, European Union, Québec, etc.).

=== Links ===

==== With socioeco.org ====

Social enterprises : [[THEMA ID::88|Matching Socioeco.org thematic keyword]]

and The Social Economy in the European Union : [[THEMA ID::192|Matching Socioeco.org thematic keyword]]

=== External glossaries ===

* [[Wikipedia:Social economy| Wikipedia page "Social economy"]]

== The Solidarity Economy ==

Based on the theoretical works like the ones from Polanyi <ref>Polanyi, K. (1977). The livelihood of man. New York/San Franciso/London: Academic.</ref> and Mauss <ref>, Introduction. Encastrement et nouvelles sociologie économique : de Granovetter à Polanyi et Mauss, Jean-Louis Laville,2019</ref>, the solidarity economy approach , – from an economic point of view --, can be said to be based on the perspective of a plural economy, in which the market is but one of the components, which cannot occult the existence of redistribution and reciprocity. The repartition – their respective weight and form – among these three economic principles – greatly varied throughout history.

The solidarity economy approach stresses the mix of these three principles, plus a link tto the political dimension. The solidarity economy insists on the principle of solidarity, the strong link with the territory and on the close relations between associative action and public authorities. : One of the originalities of the European point of view consists in integrating the initiatives of the civil society in the public space of modern democratic societies. Be it by contributing to the evolution of forms of public regulation. Or it is the rules enacted by public authorities that influence the trajectories of initiatives. But most of all, in the 1980’s – as a consequence of the 1968-76 protests (May 68, Prague, Mexico, Portugal, etc), the political dimension expressed itself in its criticism to consumption and ways of life, totally new questions raised by the social movements by popularizing themes such as the denunciation of the damages caused by neo-liberal capitalism or the re-appropriation of private life and the public space. What became questioned was the very basis of the development model, which everyone had hitherto agreed upon : the ideology of progress.

In South America and in Europe, “solidarity economy” expresses itself as a set of thousands of concrete initiatives and experimentations; authors defined it as activities contributing to democratize the economy through citizens’ involvement. Social innovations are observed in proximity services, fair trade, solidarity tourism, [[Category:Alternative local food networks|organic agriculture]], critical consumption and [[short food supply chains|short supply chains]], [[Local renewable energy cooperatives|renewable energies]], recycling and waste valorization, heritage preservation, microfinance and social currencies, integration through economic activities, …. The democratization of the economy through the proliferation of social innovations is thus linked to the democratization of society .

The conceptual framework of solidarity economy is complementary to third sector and social economy because it considers these associations and cooperatives not only as organizations but as institutions of civil society with both an economic and a political dimension <ref> Solidarity Economy
International encyclopedia of civil society, UNTFSSE,Jean-Louis Laville, 2022</ref>.

=== Links ===
=== With socioeco.org ===

[[THEMA ID::86|Matching Socioeco.org thematic keyword]]

== External glossaries ==

* [[Wikipedia:Solidarity Economy| Wikipedia page "Solidarity Economy"]]

== References ==

Three theoretical approaches - Third sector/Non profit sector; Social Economy; Solidarity Economy

2023-07-06T08:00:19Z

Fwautiez: /* External glossaries */

Three theoretical approaches - Third sector/Non profit sector; Social Economy; Solidarity Economy

2023-07-06T07:59:10Z

Fwautiez: /* External glossaries */

Three theoretical approaches - Third sector/Non profit sector; Social Economy; Solidarity Economy

2023-07-06T07:58:36Z