Solecopedia v2 - User contributions [en]

Three theoretical approaches - Third sector/Non profit sector; Social Economy; Solidarity Economy

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== The Third sector (Tiers secteur) or non profit sector ==

Since the 1980s, there has been a revival of interest in organisations that are neither public nor private for-profit; the most widespread term for them is the “third sector”. The American approach which is dominant internationally in this field, defines this third sector as the sector comprising all non-profit organisations (NPO).

The “non-profit sector” approach is based on the neo-classical economy perspective and apprehends the non-profit organizations through '''market failures''' in the provision of individual services and through '''state failures''' in the provision of collective services. This approach supposes a separation between these three "sectors" and a hierarchisation among these, the non-profit sector being adopted as a second-rank or third-rank option when the solutions provided by the market and the state prove inadequate.

(…) But such a conception is invalidated by history, associationism having pre-existed public intervention – hence the necessary shift towards conceptions based on other prerequisites, which do not overlook a more than two century-long history in Europe and in the world. In this regard, a more historical perspective allowed to draw two complementary conceptions: the social economy and the solidarity economy. On the theoretical level, the contributions of both heterodox economics and sociology converge to propose the structuring importance of '''[[Solidarity|solidarity']]'' and a more open conceptualisation of the '''interdependence between public action and associative action''' present in both concepts. <ref>Solidarity economy in the world, Jean-Louis Laville in...</ref>. For Defourny and Delvetere <ref>[https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-6330_en.html The Social Economy : The worldwide making of a third sector], Jacques Defourny, Patrick Delvetere,1999</ref> the differences may be summarised as follows: the conceptual centre of gravity of the not-for-profit approach is found in the prohibition of distribution of profits, (...)whereas the concept of the social economy relies heavily on co-operative principles, based primarily on the search for '''[[Economic democracy and economic citizenship|economic democracy]]'''.

'''Note''':
* Third sector or non profit sector is still used by researchers as a synonym of social or solidarity economy.
* To know more about the limits of this concept, see both documents in references.

=== Links ===
==== With socioeco.org ====

You can find documents using the Third sector concept [https://www.socioeco.org/scrutarijs_en.html?q=third+sector here] and "non-profit" (or non profit) [https://www.socioeco.org/scrutarijs_en.html?q=Non+profit here].

== The Social Economy ==

The Social Economy (SE) is historically linked to popular associations and cooperatives. These great families were interlinked expressions of a single impulse: the response of the most vulnerable and defenceless social groups, through self-help organisations, to the new living conditions created by the development of industrial society in the 18th and 19th centuries <ref>[http://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-648_en.html The Social Economy in the European Union] – Report by José Luis Monzón & Rafael Chaves, 2012 </ref> (see [[Social Economy, Solidarity Economy. A bit of history|A bit of history]])

The social economy recognises some legal forms (co-operatives, mutual societies, associations, and lately, foundations), in which the material interest of investors is subject to limits and gives priority to the setting up of a collective patrimony over the return on individual investment.

In other words, what is stressed in Europe is, at the organizational level, all the legal forms which limit the private appropriation of benefits. At the difference with the Third/Non profit sector North American view, European initiatives share a common tradition, which is specific to them and insists less on the non-distribution constraint, philanthropy and volunteering than on collective actions based on mutual help and participation of the citizens concerned by social problems.

Their characteristics are : service to its members or to the community ahead of profit; autonomous management; a democratic decision-making process; the primacy of people and work over capital in the distribution of revenues (see "''Cooperative values and principles''" in [[Cooperatives]]).

Laville notes that for some authors the social economy includes only those associations which are enterprises. It is thus composed of non-capitalist enterprises, active on the market, and the indicator of success is that of the increase in the volume of market activities. This definition evaluates co-operatives, mutual societies and associations in terms of the evolution of the relations between their members and in terms of their economic results, examined from the point of view of their degree of integration in the market economy. Questions on the internal functioning and the non-market spheres of the economy are occulted.<ref>ibid Laville</ref>.

Social economy organisations and business models are present in different economic sectors and industrial value chains all over the world. In Europe, while the social economy is developed unevenly across EU Member States, its contribution to national GDP can range up to 10% in some Member States (Spain, France, 2017). According to the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) (20233, 12% of humanity is part of any of the 3 million cooperatives in the world. 280 million people around the world has got a job through a cooperative, I.e. 10% of the world's employed population.

'''Note :'''

* Social Economy is used in several countries, sometimes as a synonym of "Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) (Spain, Romania, European Union, Québec, etc.).

=== Links ===

==== With socioeco.org ====

Social enterprises : [[THEMA ID::88|Matching Socioeco.org thematic keyword]]

and The Social Economy in the European Union : [[THEMA ID::192|Matching Socioeco.org thematic keyword]]

=== External glossaries ===

* [[Wikipedia:Social economy| Wikipedia page "Social economy"]]

== The Solidarity Economy ==

Based on the theoretical works like the ones from Polanyi <ref>Polanyi, K. (1977). The livelihood of man. New York/San Franciso/London: Academic.</ref> and Mauss <ref>, Introduction. Encastrement et nouvelles sociologie économique : de Granovetter à Polanyi et Mauss, Jean-Louis Laville,2019</ref>, the solidarity economy approach , – from an economic point of view --, can be said to be based on the perspective of a plural economy, in which the '''market''' is but one of the components, which cannot occult the existence of '''redistribution''' and '''reciprocity'''. The repartition – their respective weight and form – among these three economic principles – greatly varied throughout history.

The solidarity economy approach stresses the mix of these three principles, plus a link tto the '''political dimension'''. The solidarity economy insists on the principle of solidarity, the strong link with the territory and on the close relations between associative action and public authorities. : One of the originalities of the European point of view consists in integrating the initiatives of the civil society in the public space of modern democratic societies. Be it by contributing to the evolution of forms of public regulation. Or it is the rules enacted by public authorities that influence the trajectories of initiatives. But most of all, in the 1980’s – as a consequence of the 1968-76 protests (May 68, Prague, Mexico, Portugal, etc), the political dimension expressed itself in its criticism to consumption and ways of life, totally new questions raised by the social movements by popularizing themes such as the denunciation of the damages caused by neo-liberal capitalism or the re-appropriation of private life and the public space. What became questioned was the very basis of the development model, which everyone had hitherto agreed upon : the ideology of progress.

In South America and in Europe, “solidarity economy” (the translation of "economía solidaria or "de la solidaridad"" or "économie solidaire", etc.) (<ref>[http://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-429_en.html Solidarity Economy: Key Concepts and Issues],Ethan Miller, 2010 </ref>) expresses itself as a set of thousands of concrete initiatives and experimentations; authors defined it as activities contributing to democratize the economy through citizens’ involvement. Social innovations are observed in proximity services, fair trade, solidarity tourism, [[:Category:Alternative local food networks|organic agriculture]], critical consumption and [[short food supply chains|short supply chains]], [[Local renewable energy cooperatives|renewable energies]], recycling and waste valorization, heritage preservation, microfinance and social currencies, integration through economic activities, …. The democratization of the economy through the proliferation of social innovations is thus linked to the democratization of society .

The conceptual framework of solidarity economy is complementary to "third sector" and "social economy" because it considers these associations and cooperatives not only as organizations but as institutions of civil society with both an economic and a political dimension <ref> Solidarity Economy International encyclopedia of civil society, UNTFSSE,Jean-Louis Laville, 2022</ref>. Bringing thus the perspective of a transformative economy.

=== Links ===
=== With socioeco.org ===

[[THEMA ID::86|Matching Socioeco.org thematic keyword]]

== External glossaries ==

* [[Wikipedia:Solidarity Economy| Wikipedia page "Solidarity Economy"]]

== References ==

Category:Cooperatives

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In 1995, the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) adopted the revised Statement on the Cooperative Identity. A cooperative is thus defined as


"an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise".


For its values and principles, see [https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/cooperative-identity here].


It can be applied to all sectors of activity : trade, agriculture, alimentation, industry, crafts, transport, banking, education, housing, etc.


For whom?:


Usually, the members are the entrepreneurs. For example, farmers can belong to an agricultural cooperative.
Worker cooperatives, as the [[SCOP]] in France, are the only cooperatives where the associate members are the employees, who have the majority of the capital. Some cooperatives have several stakeholders: the workers, but also the beneficiaries of the activity, public authorities, etc. (such as the [[SCIC (Société Coopérative d'Intérêt Collectif)]], in France).
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In 1995, the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) adopted the revised Statement on the Cooperative Identity. A cooperative is thus defined as
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"an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise".
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For its values and principles, see [https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/cooperative-identity here].
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It can be applied to all sectors of activity : trade, agriculture, alimentation, industry, crafts, transport, banking, education, housing, etc.
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For whom?:
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Usually, the members are the entrepreneurs. For example, farmers can belong to an agricultural cooperative.
Worker cooperatives, as the [[SCOP]] in France, are the only cooperatives where the associate members are the employees, who have the majority of the capital. Some cooperatives have several stakeholders: the workers, but also the beneficiaries of the activity, public authorities, etc. (such as the [[SCIC (Société Coopérative d'Intérêt Collectif)]], in France).
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In 1995, the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) adopted the revised Statement on the Cooperative Identity. A cooperative is thus defined as


"an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise".


For its values and principles, see [https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/cooperative-identity here].


It can be applied to all sectors of activity : trade, agriculture, alimentation, industry, crafts, transport, banking, education, housing, etc.


For whom?:


Usually, the members are the entrepreneurs. For example, farmers can belong to an agricultural cooperative.
Worker cooperatives, as the [[SCOP]] in France, are the only cooperatives where the associate members are the employees, who have the majority of the capital. Some cooperatives have several stakeholders: the workers, but also the beneficiaries of the activity, public authorities, etc. (such as the [[SCIC (Société Coopérative d'Intérêt Collectif)]], in France).
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Category:Cooperatives

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In 1995, the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) adopted the revised Statement on the Cooperative Identity. A cooperative is thus defined as

"an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise".

For its values and principles, see [https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/cooperative-identity here].

It can be applied to all sectors of activity : trade, agriculture, alimentation, industry, crafts, transport, banking, education, housing, etc.

For whom?:

Usually, the members are the entrepreneurs. For example, farmers can belong to an agricultural cooperative.
Worker cooperatives, as the [[SCOP]] in France, are the only cooperatives where the associate members are the employees, who have the majority of the capital. Some cooperatives have several stakeholders: the workers, but also the beneficiaries of the activity, public authorities, etc. (such as the [[SCIC (Société Coopérative d'Intérêt Collectif)]], in France).
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Community Land Trust

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A Community Land Trust is a democratic, multi-stakeholder organization that owns land for the permanent benefit of the community and sell and rent homes with various resale restrictions in order to maintain long-term affordability, breaking the cycle of poverty and emphasising the participatory aspect. CLTs marry private ownership of buildings with community stewardship of the land, retaining income from its use for the general welfare of all in the region.The possession and use of the land are separated. Community land trusts (CLTs) were designed to hold working lands — the lands needed for village life and its activities, in the hands of individuals oor cooperatives. It has spread also in cities, where different housing issues intersect: space and urban planning; policies that favour private property; real estate speculation; gentrification and displacements; the need for social housing, and the implementation of alternative mechanisms, as [[shared housing]].etc.

'''Main principles''' :

* community permanent ownership of land (not a private property) : land can not be sold, lso that land is “taken out” of the market, thus avoiding speculation.
* the trust manages the land for the benefit of the community and is responsible towards its members ;
* sustainable access to affordable housing built on the land, for low income families ;
* land is separated from the buildings, privately owned ;
* community development based on the link with the local area and the local authorities through a shared governance (transparency and accountability) with in general, a third composed by the residents of the CLT, a third by people of the area, a third by public organizations, banks, etc related to the project.

'''How does it work ?'''

The CLT buys land (public and private donations) in perpetuity, it puts the combined plots at the disposal of the members of the community, through long term leases (often 99 years) and manages them in the interest of the people who are residing there.
For this purpose, the CLT may build or have built dwellings that it sells to the renters of the land,with a price well below market value, by subtracting the land taxes. The lessee is a tenant of the land, but the owner of the property. When the building is resold,the lease of every parcel includes a preemption right that gives the CLT the priority to buy the property when an owner leaves the CLT; any increase in value that the lessee realizes is subject to anti-speculation clauses, thus guaranteeing the accessibility of the housing from one generation of owners to the next. It has proved to be a robust affordable housing policy solution.

== Equivalent concepts =

Affordable housing land trust, Neighborhood Land Trust. In French, "fiducie foncière communautaire", "communs fonciers", "foncier solidaire".

== History of the concept ==
In the second half of the XIX century, there was a theorization by several thinkers on the socialization of land. This and customary tenures in Africa and other parts of the world (India,the notion of commons in different countries) inspired Bob Swann (a Peace activist and the New Economics Institute founder) and Civil Rights activist, Slater King, who modeled the first “Community Land Trust (CLT)” in 1967 in Albany, Georgia to provide Black farmers secure access to land in a segregated South. For them, land and other natural resources are a given — what we know now as a « common ». It is not labour itself that represents economic value. Rather it is the product of labour transforming nature that creates the new value. When land and minerals can be bought by the highest bidder an imbalance occurs in the economic, multiplying inequalities, poverty and environmental degradation.

Instead, Swann and King imagined a network of regional nonprofit, quasi-public trusts that hold land and lease it to individuals and cooperatives for use for housing, farming, forestry, manufacturing, shops, and offices on long term leases. The lessees would own the buildings and other improvements on the land, but the land would remain a community asset with access by social contract rather than through the market.
In the 80’s, the number of CLT expandend in the US. The model was recognised and a definition was stated by federal law in 1992. They developed also in other countries as the UK, Canada, Kenya, Belgium, Puerto Rico, Bolivia, etc.

== Public policies associated with this issue ==

The ''Housing and Community Development Act'' incorporates, at federal level, the definition of CLTs in the United States in 1992.
The ''Land Reform Act'' (2003) grants the right of pre-emption to CLTs in Scotland. This law constitutes the first recognition of the CLT mechanism. For England and Wales, the Housing & Regeneration Act 2008 has legally recognised CLT and defined it as a corporate body whose main goal is to acquire and manage land for the benefit of the local community.
It was introduced in ''French Law'' through the name: "organisme de foncier solidaire" (article 184 of the ALUR law/24 March 2014), improved later an ordonnance in July 2016: with the "bail reel solidaire"(BRS),
''Kenya’s Community Land Act'', 2016, as the framework through which customary holdings are to be identified and registered.

== Community Land Trust around the world ==

=== Belgium ===
The [https://www.cltb.be/ Community Land Trust Bruxelles] was created in 2012 as an initiative of residents, activists and neighbourhood organisations, after the experiences of Community Land Trusts in the United States. The aim was from the beginning to give ownership to low-income families and to fight the housing crisis in the city. The CLT retains the ownership of land while using a governance structure involving future residents and organisations present in its neighbourhoods, There is a legal recognition by the regional government and support with grants. Beyond living together, the issue is also a political issue, that of the values of solidarity and questioning of private property and non-speculation of real estate, but also self-management, respect for the environment, etc. Another vision of urbanization, community, a form of emancipation through a housing tool? (from the [[Shared housing]] page)

== Main networks working on this issue ==

* United States, the Schumacher Center’s [https://centerforneweconomics.us5.list-manage.com/track/click?u=69d509d113032e3126c4543ce&id=187ad636bc&e=56943b6983 community land trust directory] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317084905/http://cltnetwork.org/ the National Community Land Trust Network]
* Belgium, L’association bruxelloise CLTB - Community Land Trust Bruxelles
* The [https://www.communitylandtrusts.org.uk/ Community Land Trust network UK]

== Links ==
=== With socioeco.org ===

[[THEMA ID::248|Matching Socioeco.org thematic keyword]]

=== With Ripess NL articles or position papers ===

You will find [https://ripess.eu/en/pathways-to-housing/ an article on the Community Land Trust in Brussels], Belgium, in the Ripess Newsletter of May 2022.

== External glossaries ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_land_trust Wikipedia page "Community Land Trust"]
* [[Wikipedia:Community_land_trust| Wikipedia page "Community Land Trust"]]
* [[Ecolise:Community-led_initiatives|Ecolise "Community-led initiatives"]]

[[Category:The Commons]]

Community Land Trust

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CAE (Coopérative d'activité et d'emploi)

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In France, the SSE law of July 2014 recognises the legal status of Cooperatives d'Activité et d'Emploi (CAE).
The CAE are a model of employee entrepreneurship that allows people to create and develop their own activity in an autonomous, cooperative and secure framework. It takes the form of either a [[SCOP]] or a [[SCIC (Société Coopérative d'Intérêt Collectif)]].


The CAE provides support for the self-employed starting his/her own business. The entrepreneur in the CAE is supported in the creation and development of his or her activity thanks to shared resources (invoicing, management tools, etc.). And after a period of testing this activity, s/he becomes an employee with all the social rights linked to this unique capacity as an entrepreneur-employee. And after some time, member.

This activity can be linked to very diverse sectors: crafts, business services, etc. Some CAEs are grouped around a sector of activity, for example, construction, or around several activities.

== History of the concept == 
More details about the recognition of the CAE are to be found [https://www.les-cae.coop/ here].

== Main networks working on this issue == 
[https://www.les-cae.coop/ La Fédération des Coopératives d'Activité et d'Emploi] (in French).

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CAE (Coopérative d'activité et d'emploi)

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CAE (Coopérative d'activité et d'emploi)

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CAE (Coopérative d'activité et d'emploi)

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In France, the SSE law of July 2014 recognises the legal status of Cooperatives d'Activité et d'Emploi (CAE).
The CAE are a model of employee entrepreneurship that allows people to create and develop their own activity in an autonomous, cooperative and secure framework. It takes the form of either a [[SCOP]] or a [[SCIC (Société Coopérative d'Intérêt Collectif)]].


The CAE provides support for the self-employed starting his/her own business. The entrepreneur in the CAE is supported in the creation and development of his or her activity thanks to shared resources (invoicing, management tools, etc.). And after a period of testing this activity, s/he becomes an employee with all the social rights linked to this unique capacity as an entrepreneur-employee. And after some time, member.

This activity can be linked to very diverse sectors: crafts, business services, etc. Some CAEs are grouped around a sector of activity, for example, construction, or around several activities.

== History of the concept == 
More details about the recognition of the CAE are to be found [https://www.les-cae.coop/ here].

== Main networks working on this issue == 
[https://www.les-cae.coop/ La Fédération des Coopératives d'Activité et d'Emploi] (in French).

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[[Category: Cooperatives]]

CAE (Coopérative d'activité et d'emploi)

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In France, the SSE law of July 2014 recognises the legal status of Cooperatives d'Activité et d'Emploi (CAE).
The CAE are a model of employee entrepreneurship that allows people to create and develop their own activity in an autonomous, cooperative and secure framework. It takes the form of either a [[SCOP]] or a [[SCIC (Société Coopérative d'Intérêt Collectif)]].


The CAE provides support for the self-employed starting his/her own business. The entrepreneur in the CAE is supported in the creation and development of his or her activity thanks to shared resources (invoicing, management tools, etc.). And after a period of testing this activity, s/he becomes an employee with all the social rights linked to this unique capacity as an entrepreneur-employee. And after some time, member.

This activity can be linked to very diverse sectors: crafts, business services, etc. Some CAEs are grouped around a sector of activity, for example, construction, or around several activities.

== History of the concept == 
More details about the recognition of the CAE are to be found [https://www.les-cae.coop/ here].

== Main networks working on this issue == 
[https://www.les-cae.coop/ La Fédération des Coopératives d'Activité et d'Emploi] (in French).

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[[Category: Cooperatives]]

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Formation Urgenci

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Community Supported Agriculture - CSA

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Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) is a concept that links citizens with local farmers and farms with environmentally friendly practices through a harvest partnership. You become a "partner" of a farm by purchasing a share of the harvest in advance. Participating vegetable farms deliver weekly baskets of various vegetables to a fixed point in a neighbourhood. The livestock farms offer their various cuts for an initial deposit.

A win-win partnership
Community Supported Agriculture offers the citizen :
- the privilege of a direct link with a farmer ;
- access to healthy, freshly picked vegetables;
- a role as an important player in the development of organic and local agriculture in Quebec and food sovereignty.

It offers farms :
- the support of a group of committed citizens ;
- the guarantee of an income early in the season;
- the possibility of planning production and harvests in advance.

It requires the citizens :
- to collect their basket each week from the drop-off point ;
- to pay in advance for their vegetables or meat;
- to cook according to the contents of their surprise basket and to participate in the project.

It requires farms to :
- rigorous planning and fine management of diversified production or organic livestock farming;
- a link with several "clients" who have become "partners" rather than with a distributor.

CSA also cares for the issue of the right and access to affordable healthy food for all rather than relegating the poor to eating junk food. Community Supported Agriculture groups have invented many different ways of ensuring that this is possible: from solidarity shares covered by other member’s collective financial contributions, to the possibility often used in Germany of people paying what they can afford, as long as the total contribution meets the producers’ needs, working shares where consumers can work a given number of hours on the farm to partially pay for their share and also shares for vulnerable populations, subsidized by Local Authorities. These are key issues for Social and Solidarity Economy, as they clearly prioritize the human right to food over profit, while ensuring decent incomes for producers (exerpt from Isa Alvarez, Urgenci, at Strasbourg).

== Equivalent concepts ==
[https://v2.solecopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Solidarity-based_Partnerships_for_Agroecology_initiatives_(LSPA) Local Solidarity-based Partnerships for Agroecology initiatives (LSPA)]

== History of the concept ==

''All the way around the world in countries as diverse as the United States, Japan, France, China or Mali, people who farm and people who eat are forming communities around locally grown food. Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), Teikei, AMAP, Reciproco, ASC – the names may be different but the essence is the same. Active citizens are making a commitment to local farms to share the risks and the bounty of ecological farming. A century of “development” has broken the connection between people and the land where their food is grown and in many countries, north and south, a few decades of free trade have driven family-scale farms to the point of desperation. A long series of food scandals – illnesses from food-borne pathogens, milk and other products contaminated with GMOs and chemical pollutants – have led to a crisis of confidence in imported foods from industrial-scale farms. CSA offers a return to wholeness, health and economic viability.

Human history abounds in examples of specific groups of non-farmers being connected with specific farms—the medieval manor, the Soviet system of linking a farm with a factory, or the steady attachment of particular customers to the stand of a particular farm at a farmers’ market. In Cuba today, all institutions are obliged to be self-sufficient in food, so companies and schools have farms or garden plots. But none of these is like the form of organization we refer to as CSA.'' From Elizabeth Henderson'kKeynote for Urgenci Kobe Conference 2010, “Community Supported Foods and Farming” February 22nd, 2010.

Read the rest of the article on the history of [[Local Solidarity-based Partnerships for Agroecology initiatives (LSPA)]] around the world on Urgenci website [https://urgenci.net/csa-history/ here].

== Public policies associated with this theme ==

== CSA in the world ==

Some documentation on CSA around the world

* [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-6817_fr.html China CSA network], Atlas of Utopias, 2018
* [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-4424_fr.html A brief overview of Community Supported Agricuture (CSA) in the Philippines post-2014 disaster], Judith Hitchman, 2016
* [https://www.cdtm75.org/spip.php?page=notice&id_cequitnotice=1024 Fair Trade and Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) as Middle Class Social Movements in Hong Kong], Sheilla van Vijk,2015
* [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-175_fr.html Collective farm shops and AMAP (French CSA) in southwest France. Commitment and delegation on the part of producers and consumers], Stéphane Girou, 2008

== Main networks working on this issue ==
The [https://urgenci.net/about-us/ URGENCI network] brings together Local Solidarity Partnerships between Producers and Consumers (LSPC) actors worldwide, all kinds of Community Supported Agriculture initiatives, as a solution to the problems associated with global intensive agricultural production and distribution. Urgenci is a member of [http://www.ripess.org/ RIPESS Intercontinental] and [https://urgenci.net/about-us/ RIPESS Europe].

== Links ==
=== With socioeco.org ===

[[THEMA ID::82|Matching Socioeco.org thematic keyword]]

=== With Ripess NL articles or position papers ===

You will find the articles of the Ripess Newsletters by Urgenci [http://www.socioeco.org/bdf_organisme-3_en.html#type_ART_plusieurs here].

Examples
* [http://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-8363_en.html What are we going to eat tomorrow around the Mediterranean sea ?] Article from the RIPESS Europe newsletter - April 2022, Jocelyn Parot

* [http://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-8326_en.htmln Preparing for the event “Social Economy, the Future of Europe” – Strasbourg, May 2022: Urgenci contribution], Article from the RIPESS Europe newsletter - March 2022 - March 2022,Judith Hitchman, Urgenci

* [http://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-7886_en.html URGENCI’s e-learning hub], Article from the RIPESS Europe newsletter - January 2022

=== Link with moodle xx ===
=== Link to pedagogical tools in socioeco.org ===

* [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-outil-537_en.html 10 things to consider when you start a CSA (Community Supported Agriculture)]:2020

* [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-outil-260_en.html CSAct!] Learn the skills, gain the knowledge, Be part of CSA, 2019

* [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-outil-271_en.html The CSA farmer to farmer booklet], 2019

* [https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-outil-96_en.html Be Part of CSA!] Supporting Booklet for Training on Community Supported Agriculture, 2016

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=== Link to cartography if available ===
=== Links with other concepts in Solecopedia: ===

* agroecology,
* short local supply chains or short circuits

[[Category:Local Solidarity-based Partnerships for Agroecology initiatives (LSPA)|C]]

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